Correction: Papukashvili et al. “Attenuation of Weight Gain and Prevention of Associated Pathologies by Inhibiting SSAO” Nutrients, 2020, 12, 184

Dimitri Papukashvili; Nino Rcheulishvili; Yulin Deng

doi:10.3390/nu12071968

,

and

¹

School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

²

Beijing Key Laboratory for Separation and Analysis in Biomedicine and Pharmaceuticals, Beijing 100081, China

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Nutrients2020, 12(7), 1968;https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12071968

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The authors wish to make a correction to the published paper [1] in Section 1 to make the sentence more understandable. The edited sentence is the following: “It is noteworthy that an enzyme semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO), also known as vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1), which is responsible for deamination of the primary amines such as methylamine and converts them into cytotoxic aldehydes (e.g., formaldehyde), ammonia, and hydrogen peroxide, is found to be associated with obesity and related diseases.”

In Section 3, Table 1, the edition is needed. In Caffeine row (IC₅₀), misspelled “nM” is corrected into “mM”. The edited version of the Table 1 is given below:

Table 1. Description of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase/vascular adhesion protein-1 (SSAO/VAP-1) inhibitors according to chemical and pharmacological properties.

In Section 4, an amendment is needed to solve the inconsistency in the sentence. The corrected version of the sentence is the following: “Olivieri and Tipton have revealed the inhibitory concentration (IC) of caffeine intake—0.1–10 mM (IC₅₀ = 0.8 ± 0.3 mM). As stated in the studies, the recommended daily dose of caffeine (400 mg) for adults is consistent with 1-4 cups of regular coffee and is not associated with unfavorable effects on health.”

Here is the specific response of the authors to the concerns that were raised in the comment [2]. Although Olivieri et al. have demonstrated that caffeine exerts the inhibition of bovine serum SSAO with a concentration of IC₅₀ of 0.8 ± 0.3 mM (in particular, in the concentration range of 0.1–10 mM inhibits SSAO activity) [3] that exceeds the concentration range of caffeine in serum of humans, an animal study conducted by Che et al. revealed that caffeine might be a promising inhibitor of SSAO even with low (nonlethal) concentrations [4]. However, no human studies have been carried out in terms of using caffeine as an inhibitor of enzyme SSAO that may show the different range of caffeine’s inhibitory concentration.

Although Westerterp-Plantenga manifested weight loss and weight maintenance when caffeine together with green tea extract was administered [5], in our article, we present an evidence-based discussion of the weight-gain diminishing capacity of caffeine [6,7,8,9,10]. In addition, the current manuscript does not focus on the state of the body (whether the body is in resting or active state) during caffeine intake and its action. The main point of our article is to provide data about weight gain attenuation by inhibiting SSAO, and it discusses the convenience of some potential inhibitor substances. Moreover, caffeine is less risky and the only popular natural compound with the potential capacity to inhibit the enzyme SSAO. While caffeine is already famous with its antilipolytic effects [6,7,8,9,10], evincing another possible beneficial property [3,4] makes sense. Thus, the assumption of the dual beneficial role of caffeine in this article remains rational. Consequently, we believe human studies need to be carried out on SSAO inhibition by caffeine. The authors appreciate the opportunity to respond to the comment by Willson [2] and hope the information given is satisfactory and clear.

The authors apologize to the readers for any inconvenience caused by this amendment. This amendment does not affect the results or conclusion of the manuscript in any way. The original manuscript will remain online on the article webpage with a reference to this correction.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

Papukashvili, D.; Rcheulishvili, N.; Deng, Y. Attenuation of Weight Gain and Prevention of Associated Pathologies by Inhibiting SSAO. Nutrients 2020, 12, 184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Willson, C. Comments to the Editor Re: Papukashvili et al. Nutrients 2020, 12, 184. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1965. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
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Table 1. Description of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase/vascular adhesion protein-1 (SSAO/VAP-1) inhibitors according to chemical and pharmacological properties.

Names of VAP-1/SSAO Inhibitors	Chemical Structure/Formula	Molecular Weight/Molar Weight	Solubility	Pharmacokinetic Profile		IC₅₀	Efficacy/Anti-Obesity Property	Toxicity	Source
Names of VAP-1/SSAO Inhibitors	Chemical Structure/Formula	Molecular Weight/Molar Weight	Solubility	Oral Dose (Rat/Mouse)	i.v./i.p. Dose (Rat/Mouse)	IC₅₀	Efficacy/Anti-Obesity Property	Toxicity	Source
PXS-4728A/BI1467335	C₁₅H₂₂ClFN₂O₂	316.8014 kDa	DMSO and H₂O >10 mg/mL	6 mg·kg⁻¹ 10 mg·kg⁻¹	3 mg·kg⁻¹ 5 mg·kg⁻¹	5 nM	Potent and orally available inhibitor of VAP-1, showing >500-fold selectivity for VAP-1/SSAO over all the related human amine oxidases. Diminishes lung inflammation. It is in clinical trials for the treatment of cardio-metabolic diseases. It shows significant reduction of body weight gain in rabbits. Axon Medchem, Groningen, Netherlands	No/Low	Wang et al. Schilter et al. Kim et al.
PXS-4681A	C₁₇H₂₄ClFN₂O₂	342.84 kDa	H₂O 2 mg/mL	20 mg·kg⁻¹ 2 mg·kg⁻¹	10 mg·kg⁻¹ 2 mg·kg⁻¹	<10 nM	Potent and highly selective irreversible inhibitor of SSAO/VAP-1 that exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in vivo. It is a derivative of Mofegiline. PXS-4681A was used to inhibit LPS induced brain inflammation. Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA	No/Low	Becchi et al. Foot et al.
Semicarbazide	CH₅N₃O	75.07 g/mol	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	An irreversible and probably suicide SSAO inhibitor. It limits weight gain and fat accumulation. Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Quentin Fallavier, France	Yes/High	Mercader et al.
LJP-1586	C₁₁H₁₅ClFNO	231.69 kDa	DMSO	10 mg/kg	N/A	4–43 nM	Potent, selective, and orally active inhibitor of SSAO activity, inhibiting vascular adhesion protein 1 (VAP-1) activity and decreasing the density of macrophages in inflamed atherosclerotic plaques in mice LJP. Glixx Laboratories Inc., Hopkinton, USA	Yes	O’Rourke et al.
Caffeine	C₈H₁₀N₄O₂	194.19 g/mol	H₂O	N/A	N/A	0.8 ± 0.3 mM	Efficiency of caffeine on adipose and aorta is especially high. It can play an important role in treating diseases associated with SSAO activities. Independently of SSAO inhibition, it is found to be effective in losing weight.National Institute for Drug Control, Beijing, China	No/Low	Che et al. Zheng et al.
Simvastatin	C₂₅H₃₈O₅	418.6 g/mol	DMSO and H₂O	N/A	20 mg·kg⁻¹	N/A	Simvastatin blocks SSAO/VAP-1 release, among other known actions, therefore preventing this cascade of events.Sigma-Aldrich, Madrid, Spain	Yes	Sun et al.
Phenylhydrazine	C₆H₈N₂	108.14 g/mol	H₂O	N/A	N/A	30 nM	Irreversible SSAO inhibitor.Shows diminishing body weight gain.Sigma-Aldrich, Poole, UK	Yes/High	Carpene et al. Lizcano et al.
Phenelzine	C₈H₁₂N₂	136.19 g/mol	H₂O	30 mg·kg⁻¹	88.9 µmol/kg	N/A	Potent inhibitor of SSAO.Shows attenuation of adiposity.Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Quentin Fallavier, France	Yes	Carpene et al.

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Correction: Papukashvili et al. “Attenuation of Weight Gain and Prevention of Associated Pathologies by Inhibiting SSAO” Nutrients, 2020, 12, 184

Conflicts of Interest

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