A Critical Review on the Role of Food and Nutrition in the Energy Balance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (i)
- The energy balance in humans;
- (ii)
- Energy intake from food;
- (iii)
- Energy expenditure due to food intake;
- -
- the role of nutrients;
- -
- the role of foods;
- -
- the role of diet plans;
- (iv)
- The impact of the gut microbiota on the human energy balance.
2. Methods
3. The Energy Balance in Humans
4. Energy Intake from Food
5. Energy Expenditure Due to Food Intake
5.1. The Role of Nutrients
5.2. The Role of Foods
5.2.1. Green Coffee
Available Evidence
Molecular Mechanisms of Action
Toxicity and Reactivity
5.2.2. Green Tea (Camellia sinensis)
Available Evidence
Molecular Mechanisms of Action
Toxicity and Reactivity
5.2.3. Cocoa and Dark Chocolate
Available Evidence
Molecular Mechanisms of Action
Toxicity and Reactivity
5.2.4. Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis)
Available Evidence
Molecular Mechanisms of Action
Toxicity and Reactivity
5.2.5. Bitter Orange (Citrus aurantium)
Available Evidence
Molecular Mechanisms of Action
Toxicity and Reactivity
5.2.6. Ginger
Available Evidence
Molecular Mechanisms of Action
Toxicity and Reactivity
5.2.7. Curcuma Longa
Available Evidence
Molecular Mechanisms of Action
Toxicity and Reactivity
5.2.8. Cinnamon
Available Evidence
Molecular Mechanisms of Action
Toxicity and Reactivity
5.2.9. Chili Pepper (Capsicum Species)
Available Evidence
Molecular Mechanisms of Action
Toxicity and Reactivity
5.2.10. Garcinia cambogia
Available Evidence
Molecular Mechanisms of Action
Toxicity and Reactivity
5.2.11. Guarana (Paullinia cupana)
Available Evidence
Molecular Mechanisms of Action
Toxicity and Reactivity
5.2.12. Brassicaceae
Available Evidence
Molecular Mechanisms of Action
Toxicity and Reactivity
5.2.13. Nuts
5.2.14. Apple Cider Vinegar
5.2.15. Spirulina
5.2.16. Foods without Scientific Evidence to Date
5.3. The Role of Diet Plans
6. The Impact of the Gut Microbiota on the Human Energy Balance
7. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bo, S.; Fadda, M.; Fedele, D.; Pellegrini, M.; Ghigo, E.; Pellegrini, N. A Critical Review on the Role of Food and Nutrition in the Energy Balance. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1161. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041161
Bo S, Fadda M, Fedele D, Pellegrini M, Ghigo E, Pellegrini N. A Critical Review on the Role of Food and Nutrition in the Energy Balance. Nutrients. 2020; 12(4):1161. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041161
Chicago/Turabian StyleBo, Simona, Maurizio Fadda, Debora Fedele, Marianna Pellegrini, Ezio Ghigo, and Nicoletta Pellegrini. 2020. "A Critical Review on the Role of Food and Nutrition in the Energy Balance" Nutrients 12, no. 4: 1161. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041161