FADS Genetic Variants in Taiwanese Modify Association of DHA Intake and Its Proportions in Human Milk
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Subjects Recruitment
2.2. Selection of SNPs
2.3. DNA Extraction and SNP Genotyping
2.4. Dietary Information
2.5. Milk Collection and Fatty Acid Analysis
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | All (n = 164) |
---|---|
Maternal characteristics | |
Age (year) | 32.7 ± 4.0 |
Height (cm) | 160 ± 5 |
BMI (kg/m2) (before pregnancy) | 23.6 ± 3.8 |
Parity | |
Multiparous | 76 (46.34) |
Primiparous | 88 (53.66) |
Smoking during pregnancy | |
No | 160 (98.77) |
Yes | 2 (1.23) |
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy | |
No | 151 (98.69) |
Yes | 2 (1.31) |
Fish intake (serving/wk) 3 | 4.5 ± 2.4 |
DHA supplements | |
No | 108 (65.85) |
Yes | 56 (34.15) |
Total DHA intake (mg/d) 4 | 143 ± 126 |
Low < 200 mg/d | 120 (73.17) |
High ≥ 200 mg/d | 44 (26.83) |
Birth characteristics | |
Gestational age (wk) | 38.6 ± 1.1 |
Gender | |
Female | 83 (51.23) |
Male | 79 (48.77) |
Birth weight (g) | 3135 ± 445 |
Birth length (cm) | 50.2 ± 2.4 |
SNP | Gene | Minor/Major Allele (m/M) | Genotype | HWE p-Value | MAF (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mm | mM | MM | |||||
rs1535 | FADS2 | A/G | 28 (17.07) | 90 (54.88) | 46 (28.05) | 0.206 | 44.5 |
rs174448 | FADS2/3 | G/A | 14 (8.54) | 51 (31.10) | 99 (60.37) | 0.057 | 24.1 |
Fatty Acid | All (n = 164) | SNP | Genotype | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mm | mM | MM | ||||
10:0 | 1.94 ± 0.63 | rs1535 | 1.83 ± 0.63 | 1.91 ± 0.64 | 2.08 ± 0.63 | 0.180 |
rs174448 | 2.03 ± 0.66 | 1.97 ± 0.69 | 1.92 ± 0.61 | 0.785 | ||
12:0 | 6.91 ± 2.51 | rs1535 | 7.06 ± 2.65 | 6.74 ± 2.50 | 7.13 ± 2.45 | 0.650 |
rs174448 | 7.38 ± 2.61 | 6.96 ± 2.54 | 6.81 ± 2.49 | 0.725 | ||
14:0 | 5.1 ± 1.9 | rs1535 | 5.45 ± 2.23 | 5.03 ± 1.83 | 5.03 ± 1.84 | 0.583 |
rs174448 | 5.51 ± 2.16 | 5.16 ± 1.86 | 5.02 ± 1.90 | 0.638 | ||
16:0 | 18.87 ± 2.36 | rs1535 | 19.78 ± 2.8 | 18.81 ± 2.25 | 18.42 ± 2.16 | 0.050 |
rs174448 | 19.07 ± 2.24 | 18.82 ± 2.44 | 18.86 ± 2.35 | 0.941 | ||
16:1 | 2.77 ± 0.61 | rs1535 | 2.83 ± 0.63 | 2.74 ± 0.59 | 2.80 ± 0.64 | 0.724 |
rs174448 | 2.69 ± 0.57 | 2.78 ± 0.54 | 2.78 ± 0.66 | 0.870 | ||
17:0 | 0.25 ± 0.42 | rs1535 | 0.24 ± 0.08 | 0.28 ± 0.56 | 0.21 ± 0.07 | 0.672 |
rs174448 | 0.20 ± 0.07 | 0.21 ± 0.07 | 0.28 ± 0.53 | 0.534 | ||
18:0 | 5.44 ± 1.2 | rs1535 | 5.37 ± 1.31 | 5.41 ± 1.35 | 5.55 ± 0.78 | 0.786 |
rs174448 | 5.63 ± 0.97 | 5.57 ± 1.17 | 5.35 ± 1.25 | 0.485 | ||
18:1 | 30.51 ± 7.81 | rs1535 | 29.06 ± 8.36 | 30.39 ± 8.50 | 31.63 ± 5.77 | 0.381 |
rs174448 | 29.61 ± 9.15 | 30.67 ± 7.74 | 30.56 ± 7.72 | 0.899 | ||
18:2n-6 | 22.8 ± 3.84 | rs1535 | 22.39 ± 3.84 | 22.97 ± 4.07 | 22.71 ± 3.41 | 0.773 |
rs174448 | 22.31 ± 3.09 | 22.63 ± 4.46 | 22.95 ± 3.61 | 0.788 | ||
18:3n-3 | 1.64 ± 4.97 | rs1535 | 2.04 ± 5.52 | 1.88 ± 5.47 | 0.92 ± 3.37 | 0.508 |
rs174448 | 2.15 ± 6.34 | 1.60 ± 4.85 | 1.58 ± 4.87 | 0.922 | ||
20:0 | 0.42 ± 0.35 | rs1535 | 0.51 ± 0.38 | 0.41 ± 0.30 | 0.39 ± 0.40 | 0.341 |
rs174448 | 0.44 ± 0.32 | 0.42 ± 0.40 | 0.42 ± 0.32 | 0.984 | ||
20:1n-9 | 0.51 ± 0.16 | rs1535 | 0.59 ± 0.16b | 0.52 ± 0.15b | 0.43 ± 0.12a | <0.001 |
rs174448 | 0.50 ± 0.22 | 0.49 ± 0.15 | 0.52 ± 0.15 | 0.596 | ||
20:2n-6 | 1.06 ± 0.29 | rs1535 | 1.05 ± 0.24 | 1.07 ± 0.32 | 1.03 ± 0.25 | 0.707 |
rs174448 | 0.99 ± 0.25 | 1.03 ± 0.25 | 1.08 ± 0.31 | 0.394 | ||
20:3n-6 | 0.26 ± 0.16 | rs1535 | 0.28 ± 0.16 | 0.25 ± 0.16 | 0.26 ± 0.16 | 0.630 |
rs174448 | 0.24 ± 0.14 | 0.22 ± 0.14 | 0.28 ± 0.17 | 0.127 | ||
20:4n-6 | 0.36 ± 0.44 | rs1535 | 0.30 ± 0.23 | 0.42 ± 0.54 | 0.27 ± 0.22 | 0.151 |
rs174448 | 0.33 ± 0.34 | 0.28 ± 0.25 | 0.40 ± 0.52 | 0.292 | ||
22:1n-9 | 0.84 ± 0.33 | rs1535 | 0.85 ± 0.29 | 0.82 ± 0.34 | 0.88 ± 0.33 | 0.604 |
rs174448 | 0.74 ± 0.25 | 0.81 ± 0.34 | 0.87 ± 0.33 | 0.243 | ||
22:6n-3 | 0.39 ± 0.26 | rs1535 | 0.41 ± 0.33 | 0.39 ± 0.25 | 0.36 ± 0.22 | 0.683 |
rs174448 | 0.36 ± 0.14 | 0.41 ± 0.35 | 0.38 ± 0.21 | 0.818 |
Variable | β (SE) | p-Value |
---|---|---|
Genetic risk (high vs. low) | −0.28 (0.13) | 0.031 |
Total DHA intake (low vs. high) | −0.45 (0.17) | 0.008 |
Gene–diet interaction | 0.38 (0.17) | 0.032 |
Age (year) | <0.01 (0.01) | 0.457 |
BMI (kg/m2) | <0.01 (0.01) | 0.980 |
Parity (multiparous vs. primiparous) | 0.01 (0.04) | 0.883 |
Gestational weeks | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.716 |
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Wu, W.-C.; Lin, H.-C.; Liao, W.-L.; Tsai, Y.-Y.; Chen, A.-C.; Chen, H.-C.; Lin, H.-Y.; Liao, L.-N.; Chao, P.-M. FADS Genetic Variants in Taiwanese Modify Association of DHA Intake and Its Proportions in Human Milk. Nutrients 2020, 12, 543. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020543
Wu W-C, Lin H-C, Liao W-L, Tsai Y-Y, Chen A-C, Chen H-C, Lin H-Y, Liao L-N, Chao P-M. FADS Genetic Variants in Taiwanese Modify Association of DHA Intake and Its Proportions in Human Milk. Nutrients. 2020; 12(2):543. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020543
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Wen-Chieh, Hung-Chih Lin, Wen-Ling Liao, Yueh-Ying Tsai, An-Chyi Chen, Hsiang-Chun Chen, Hsiang-Yu Lin, Li-Na Liao, and Pei-Min Chao. 2020. "FADS Genetic Variants in Taiwanese Modify Association of DHA Intake and Its Proportions in Human Milk" Nutrients 12, no. 2: 543. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020543
APA StyleWu, W.-C., Lin, H.-C., Liao, W.-L., Tsai, Y.-Y., Chen, A.-C., Chen, H.-C., Lin, H.-Y., Liao, L.-N., & Chao, P.-M. (2020). FADS Genetic Variants in Taiwanese Modify Association of DHA Intake and Its Proportions in Human Milk. Nutrients, 12(2), 543. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020543