Complementary Feeding in the Preterm Infants: Summary of Available Macronutrient Intakes and Requirements
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Nutritional Recommendations for Term Infants
- Population Reference Intakes (PRI): the amount of a nutrient that must be consumed on a regular basis to maintain health in an otherwise healthy population.
- Average Requirements (AR): a daily nutrient level estimated to meet the requirements of half the healthy individuals. This assumes that the caloric intake and all other nutrients are already satisfied.
- Adequate Intake (AI): is the value estimated when a PRI cannot be established. An AI is the average daily level of intake by a population group of apparently healthy people that is assumed to be adequate.
- Reference Intake ranges for macronutrients (RI): intake range for macronutrients, expressed as % of the total energy intake. These apply a wide range of intakes that are adequate for maintaining health and are associated with a low risk of selected chronic diseases.
- Tolerable Upper intake Level (UL): highest average daily chronic nutrient intake level likely to pose no adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population.
- Suggested Dietary Target for the population (SDT): amount of a nutrient required to prevent or reduce the risk of chronic disease.
2.1. Water
2.2. Protein (Maintenance and Growth)
2.3. Carbohydrates and Dietary Fiber
2.4. Fats
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age | AI (Adequate Intake mL/day) |
---|---|
6–12 months | 800 (1000) |
Age | Weight | AR Average Requirement | PRI Population Reference Intakes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Months | kg | g/kg/day | g/day | g/kg/day | g/day |
6–12 | 8.6 | 1.11 | 9 | 1.32 | 11 |
Age | AR Average Requirement | PRI Population Reference Intakes |
---|---|---|
Months | g/kg/day | g/kg/day |
6 | 1.12 | 1.31 |
12 | 0.95 | 1.14 |
Age | Weight | AI Adeguate Intake | |
---|---|---|---|
Months | kg | g/kg/day | g/day |
7–12 | 9 | 1.6 | 14 |
SDT Suggested Dietary Target for the Population | AI Adequate Intake | RI Reference Intake Ranges | |
---|---|---|---|
Total carbohydrates | Prefer food sources with low Glycemic Index (GI). Limit foods in which the reduction of GI is obtained by increasing the fructose or lipid content. | NOT AVAILABLE | 45–60 En%. A minimum intake of 2 g/kg/day is sufficient to prevent ketosis. Upper limit of 65 En% it can be accepted in conditions of high energy expenditure, from intense physical activity |
Sugars (sugars naturally present in milk, fruit and vegetables and added sugars) | Limit the consumption of sugars to <15 En%. An intake >25 En% (95th percentile of introduction into the Italian diet) is to be considered potentially linked to adverse health events (increase in triglycerides and cholesterol, and impaired response to glucose and insulin). Limit the use of fructose as a sweetener. Limit the use of foods and drinks formulated with fructose or high fructose corn syrups. | NOT AVAILABLE | NOT AVAILABLE |
Dietary Fiber | Prefer foods naturally rich in dietary fiber, such as whole grains, legumes, fruits and vegetables. | >1 year: 8.4 g/1000 cal (2 g/MJ) | NOT AVAILABLE |
Age (Years) | Total Carbohydrates | Dietary Fibre |
---|---|---|
1 | 45–60 En% | 10 g/day |
Age (Months) | AI Adeguate Intake |
---|---|
7–12 | 95 g/day |
Age 6–12 Months | SDT Suggested Dietary Target for the Population | AI Adequate Intake | RI Reference Intake Ranges | |
Total lipids | 40 En% | |||
Saturated fatty acids | <10 En% | |||
PUFA | 5–10 En% | |||
PUFA n-6 | 4–8 En% | |||
PUFA n-3 | EPA-DHA 250 mg + DHA 100 mg | 0.5–2 En% | ||
Trans fatty acids | As little as possible |
Age 6–12 Months | SDT Suggested Dietary Target for the Population | AI Adequate Intake | RI Reference Intake Ranges | |
Total lipids | 40 En% | |||
Saturated fatty acids | As little as possible | |||
Linoleic | 4 En% | |||
α-linoleic | 0.5 En% | |||
DHA | 100 mg/die | |||
Trans fatty acids | As little as possible |
Age 7–12 Months | AI Adequate Intake g/day | |
Total lipids | 30 | |
n-6 PUFA | 4.6 | |
n-3 PUFA | 0.5 |
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Salvatori, G.; Martini, L.; the Study Group on Neonatal Nutrition and Gastroenterology—Italian Society of Neonatology. Complementary Feeding in the Preterm Infants: Summary of Available Macronutrient Intakes and Requirements. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3696. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123696
Salvatori G, Martini L, the Study Group on Neonatal Nutrition and Gastroenterology—Italian Society of Neonatology. Complementary Feeding in the Preterm Infants: Summary of Available Macronutrient Intakes and Requirements. Nutrients. 2020; 12(12):3696. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123696
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalvatori, Guglielmo, Ludovica Martini, and the Study Group on Neonatal Nutrition and Gastroenterology—Italian Society of Neonatology. 2020. "Complementary Feeding in the Preterm Infants: Summary of Available Macronutrient Intakes and Requirements" Nutrients 12, no. 12: 3696. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123696