Eating Behavior, Physical Activity and Exercise Training: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Young Healthy Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Design
2.2. Assessment of Time Spent in Sedentary Behaviour and in Physical Activity
2.3. Eating Behaviour Traits
- The Binge Eating Scale (BES). This was used to assess eight feelings/cognitive actions (e.g., guilt, worry over excess eating of certain foods) and eight behavioural manifestations (e.g., eating rapidly, eating in secret) related to binge eating. The weight of each statement (0–3) is then summed. A higher total score reflects more severe binge-eating problems [8].
- The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18 (TFEQ). This was used to assess three “dimensions” of eating behaviour: (i) cognitive restraint (six questions), i.e., the conscious restriction of food intake in order to control body weight or to promote weight loss; (ii) uncontrolled eating (nine questions), i.e., the tendency to eat more than usual due to a loss of control over intake, accompanied by subjective feelings of hunger, and (iii) emotional eating (three questions), characterized by the inability to resist emotional cues, or eating as a response to different negative emotions. This questionnaire involves 18 questions each measured on a 4-point response scale (definitely true: 1, mostly true: 2, mostly false: 3, definitely false: 4). The scores are summed for each dimension. This shortened version of the original questionnaire maintains its validity and internal consistency [10].
- Control of Eating Questionnaire (CoEQ). This questionnaire comprises 21 questions designed to assess the type and intensity of food cravings experienced, as well as subjective sensations regarding appetite and mood [11]. Subjects answered according to their experiences over the previous seven days; all answers were provided using a visual analogue scale (0–100). The scores for the subscales Craving Control, Craving for Sweet, Craving for Savoury and Positive Mood were then calculated.
2.4. Anthropometric and Body Composition Assessments
2.5. Energy Intake
2.6. Exercise Intervention
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Cross-Sectional Analyses
3.2. Longitudinal Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Association of Eating Behaviour Traits with Time Spent in Sedentary Behaviour and Physical Activity
4.2. Effect of the Exercise Intervention on Eating Behaviour Traits
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All (n = 139) | CG (n = 53) | MIIG (n = 43) | VIIG (n = 43) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women (n, (%)) | 95, (68.35) | 34, (64.20) | 31, (72.10) | 30, (69.80) | |
Men (n, (%)) | 44, (31.65) | 19, (35.80) | 12, (27.90) | 13, (30.20) | |
Age (years) | 22.06 ± 2.26 | 21.8 ± 2.17 | 22.08 ± 2.19 | 22.35 ± 2.45 | |
Body composition | |||||
BMI (kg/m2) a | 24.95 ± 4.57 | 24.47 ± 5.03 | 25.58 ± 4.13 | 24.91 ± 4.40 | |
Lean mass (kg) b | 41.22 ± 9.15 | 41.43 ± 10.11 | 40.90 ± 8.05 | 41.28 ± 9.12 | |
Fat mass (kg) b | 25.03 ± 8.65 | 23.87 ± 8.75 | 26.90 ± 8.77 | 24.65 ± 8.29 | |
Fat mass (%) b | 36.08 ± 7.45 | 34.95 ± 7.34 | 37.95 ± 8.04 | 35.65 ± 6.76 | |
Eating behaviour traits | |||||
Binge Eating (BES) | 8.10 ± 7.25 | 7.81 ± 7.87 | 9.4 ± 6.27 | 7.16 ± 7.35 | |
TFEQ | Cognitive Restraint | 12.07 ± 3.78 | 12.34 ± 3.39 | 12.56 ± 4.15 | 11.26 ± 3.82 |
Uncontrolled Eating | 19.32 ± 5.43 | 19.09 ± 5.49 | 19.79 ± 4.89 | 19.14 ± 5.95 | |
Emotional Eating | 6.17 ± 2.43 | 6.08 ± 2.48 | 6.16 ± 6.16 | 6.28 ± 2.36 | |
CoEQ | Craving control | 60.34 ± 20.60 | 62.34 ± 20.82 | 57.83 ± 19.50 | 60.40 ± 21.56 |
Craving for sweet | 36.65 ± 24.23 | 36.64 ± 25.03 | 36.61 ± 23.11 | 36.71 ± 24.90 | |
Craving for savoury | 44.47 ± 19.96 | 44.35 ± 22.89 | 44.85 ± 17.18 | 44.23 ± 19.12 | |
Positive mood | 58.15 ± 11.72 | 61.07 ± 12.43 | 54.89 ± 10.81 | 57.80 ± 11.02 | |
Time spent in sedentary behaviour/habitual PA intensity | |||||
Valid days (days) | 6.77 ± 0.54 | 6.77 ± 0.54 | 6.74 ± 0.58 | 6.79 ± 0.51 | |
Wear time (min/day) | 19.91 ± 25.59 | 19.30 ± 24.02 | 18.80 ± 29.37 | 21.80 ± 23.85 | |
Waking time (min/day) | 995.86 ± 49.56 | 992.47 ± 57.30 | 1009.66 ± 45.45 | 986.22 ± 40.42 | |
Sedentary time (min/day) | 785.40 ± 63.88 | 788.38 ± 71.10 | 788.71 ± 63.50 | 778.43 ± 55.18 | |
LPA (min/day) | 119.40 ± 27.85 | 114.90 ± 28.08 | 124.72 ± 27.48 | 119.64 ± 27.63 | |
MPA (min/day) | 88.19 ± 30.02 | 86.63 ± 33.59 | 92.87 ± 26.91 | 85.43 ± 28.42 | |
VPA (min/day) | 2.86 ± 3.50 | 2.57 ± 3.28 | 3.36 ± 4.25 | 2.71 ± 2.83 | |
MVPA (min/day) | 91.05 ± 31.61 | 89.19 ± 35.24 | 96.23 ± 28.37 | 88.15 ± 30.02 | |
MVPA B10 (min/day) | 24.00 ± 20.64 | 26.20 ± 22.10 | 23.49 ± 15.34 | 21.80 ± 23.44 | |
Overall PA (ENMO, mG/5s) | 32.56 ± 8.06 | 31.72 ± 8.76 | 33.68 ± 7.45 | 32.49 ± 7.81 |
Binge Eating | TFEQ | CoEQ | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CR | UE | EE | Craving Control | Craving for Sweet | Craving for Savoury | Positive Mood | ||
Sedentary Time | −0.181 * | −0.031 | −0.286 ** | −0.127 | 0.111 | −0.073 | −0.025 | −0.071 |
LPA | 0.270 ** | 0.107 | 0.340 *** | 0.218 * | −0.133 | 0.090 | 0.088 | 0.028 |
MPA | 0.317 *** | 0.095 | 0.359 *** | 0.264 ** | −0.188 * | 0.115 | 0.121 | −0.071 |
VPA | 0.001 | −0.001 | 0.060 | −0.018 | 0.075 | −0.061 | −0.050 | 0.091 |
MVPA | 0.302 *** | 0.091 | 0.346 *** | 0.245 ** | −0.170 * | 0.105 | 0.109 | −0.059 |
MVPA B10 | 0.167 * | 0.152 | 0.140 | 0.180 * | −0.055 | 0.124 | −0.014 | −0.092 |
Overall PA (ENMO, mG/5s) | 0.275 ** | 0.059 | 0.321 *** | 0.204 * | −0.152 | 0.085 | 0.071 | −0.015 |
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Martinez-Avila, W.D.; Sanchez-Delgado, G.; Acosta, F.M.; Jurado-Fasoli, L.; Oustric, P.; Labayen, I.; Blundell, J.E.; Ruiz, J.R. Eating Behavior, Physical Activity and Exercise Training: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Young Healthy Adults. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3685. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123685
Martinez-Avila WD, Sanchez-Delgado G, Acosta FM, Jurado-Fasoli L, Oustric P, Labayen I, Blundell JE, Ruiz JR. Eating Behavior, Physical Activity and Exercise Training: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Young Healthy Adults. Nutrients. 2020; 12(12):3685. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123685
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartinez-Avila, Wendy D., Guillermo Sanchez-Delgado, Francisco M. Acosta, Lucas Jurado-Fasoli, Pauline Oustric, Idoia Labayen, John E. Blundell, and Jonatan R. Ruiz. 2020. "Eating Behavior, Physical Activity and Exercise Training: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Young Healthy Adults" Nutrients 12, no. 12: 3685. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123685
APA StyleMartinez-Avila, W. D., Sanchez-Delgado, G., Acosta, F. M., Jurado-Fasoli, L., Oustric, P., Labayen, I., Blundell, J. E., & Ruiz, J. R. (2020). Eating Behavior, Physical Activity and Exercise Training: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Young Healthy Adults. Nutrients, 12(12), 3685. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123685