Microbiota and Diabetes Mellitus: Role of Lipid Mediators
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Chronic Inflammation in Diabetes: Who Are the Precursors?
3. Microbiota
4. Microbiota and Diabetes: Immunomodulatory Role of Bacterial Lipid Mediators
4.1. Release of Lipopolysaccharides
4.2. Production of Short Chain Fatty Acids
5. Microbiota and Diabetes: Therapeutic Aspects
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
DM | Diabetes Mellitus |
LPS | Lipopolysaccharides |
SCFA | Short Chain Fatty Acids |
IR | Insulin Resistance |
LBP | Lipopolysaccharide Binding Proteins |
TLR-4 | Toll-Like Receptors 4 |
FAK | Focal Adhesion Kinase |
MyD88 | Myeloid Differentiation Gene 88 |
IRAK4 | Interleukin 1 Receptor Associated Kinase 4 |
Th17 | T Helper 17 Lymphocytes |
TNF-α | Tumor Necrosis Factor Alfa |
NF-ΚB | Nuclear Factor Kappa B |
PDX-1 | Pancreatic and Duodenal Homeobox 1 |
IRS | Insulin Receptor Substrate |
IRβ | Insulin Receptor Beta |
DCs | Dendritic Cells |
IgA | Immunoglobulin A |
GLP | Glucagon-Like Peptide |
GP43 | Protein G43 Coupled Receptors |
MCH-I | Type I Major Histocompatibility |
Treg | Regulatory T Cells |
TMAO | N-Oxide of Trimethylamine |
AMPK | Activated Protein Kinase |
BSH | Bile Salt Hydrolase Enzyme |
GUDCA | Glycoursodeoxycholic Acid |
FXR | Farnesoid X Receptor |
CPR | C-reactive protein |
IL | Interleukin |
TGF-β | Transforming Growth Factor β |
FFA | Free Fatty Acids Receptors |
GPCR | G-protein coupled receptors |
ILC3 | Innate lymphoid cells of the group 3 |
HDAC | Histone Deacetylases |
NOS2 | Nitric Oxide Synthase 2 |
PPY | YY Peptide |
NPY | Neuropeptide Y |
POMC | Proopiomelanocortin |
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Therapeutic Strategy | Molecule/ Microorganism | Subject of Study | Effects | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Prebiotics | Chitosan oligosaccharides | Mice | ↓Glycemia, IR, inflammatory mediators, lipogenesis ↑Occludins, intestinal integrity ↑ Bacteroidetes and Akkermansia ↓ Firmicutes and Helicobacter | [113] |
Oligofructose | Mice | ↑Insulin and sensitivity to it ↓Lymphocyte infiltration to pancreatic islets. ↑Bifidobacterium ↓Clostridium leptum | [114] | |
Inulin/Oligofructose | Humans | ↓Intestinal permeability, oxidative stress, inflammation, IR, and hyperglycemia. ↑Weight loss ↑ Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus | [104] | |
Probiotics | Saccharomyces boulardii | Mice | ↓Weight and body mass; hepatic steatosis, and inflammatory state ↑ Bacteroidetes ↓Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Tenericutes | [115] |
Lactobacillus Plantarum | Humans | Activation of TLR-2 ↑Binding proteins and protective function of the epithelium | [116] | |
Lactobacillus casei Bifidobacterium (alone or in combination) | Mice | ↓Fasting glucose ↓HbA1c (B. bifidum and in combination) ↑Blood insulin and muscle glycogen Changes to the lipid profile and antioxidant effects | [117] | |
Lactobacillus johnsonii N6.21 | Mice | ↓DM incidence and oxidative stress ↑Binding proteins | [118] | |
Lactobacillus fermentum | Mice | ↓IR, blood glucose, total cholesterol, TAG, adiponectin, intestinal permeability, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and ER stress. ↑GLP-1 | [119] | |
Lactobacillus rhamnosus | ||||
VSL#3 (Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus y Streptococcus) | Mice | ↓Weight gain, TAG and FA levels, IR and hyperinsulinemia, hepatic steatosis, and proinflammatory cytokines. Modulation of intestinal microbiota ↑Butyrate and GLP-1 | [120] | |
Synbiotics | Lactobacillus sporogenes Inulin, isomalt, sorbitol y Stevia | Humans | ↓insulin, glutathione, uric acid and PCR ↑HDL cholesterol | [121] |
Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus thermophilus Fructooligosaccharides | Humans | ↓fasting glucose, HbA1c levels, and BMI | [122] |
Therapeutic Strategy | Subjects of Study | Effects | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Metformin | Mice and humans | ↑ Propionate and butyrate ↓ Intestinibacter spp. and Clostridium spp. ↑ Escherichia/Shigella spp. ↑ Akkermansia muciniphila | [130,132,133,134] |
Acarbose | Mice and humans | ↓ LPS and proinflammatory cytokines ↑ Propionate and butyrate ↓ Clostridium and Bacteroides ↑ Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus | [135,136,137,138] |
Liraglutide | Mice and humans | ↑ Bacteroidetes ↑ Akkermansia muciniphila ↓ Firmicutes and Proteobacteria | [139,140,141,142] |
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Salazar, J.; Angarita, L.; Morillo, V.; Navarro, C.; Martínez, M.S.; Chacín, M.; Torres, W.; Rajotia, A.; Rojas, M.; Cano, C.; et al. Microbiota and Diabetes Mellitus: Role of Lipid Mediators. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3039. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103039
Salazar J, Angarita L, Morillo V, Navarro C, Martínez MS, Chacín M, Torres W, Rajotia A, Rojas M, Cano C, et al. Microbiota and Diabetes Mellitus: Role of Lipid Mediators. Nutrients. 2020; 12(10):3039. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103039
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalazar, Juan, Lissé Angarita, Valery Morillo, Carla Navarro, María Sofía Martínez, Maricarmen Chacín, Wheeler Torres, Arush Rajotia, Milagros Rojas, Clímaco Cano, and et al. 2020. "Microbiota and Diabetes Mellitus: Role of Lipid Mediators" Nutrients 12, no. 10: 3039. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103039
APA StyleSalazar, J., Angarita, L., Morillo, V., Navarro, C., Martínez, M. S., Chacín, M., Torres, W., Rajotia, A., Rojas, M., Cano, C., Añez, R., Rojas, J., & Bermudez, V. (2020). Microbiota and Diabetes Mellitus: Role of Lipid Mediators. Nutrients, 12(10), 3039. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103039