Soluble CD14 in Breast Milk and Its Relation to Atopic Manifestations in Early Infancy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Definition of Maternal Allergic History
2.3. Definition of Feeding Method
2.4. Definition of Infant’s AD and Infant’s Allergic Sensitization
2.5. Colostrum and BM Collection
2.6. Measurement of sCD14
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. BM Samples and sCD14 Concentration
3.2. Association between BM sCD14 Levels and AD at 9 Months of Age
3.3. Association between BM sCD14 Levels and Sensitization to Allergens at 9 Months of Age
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Colostrum | 1-Month BM |
---|---|---|
n = 258 * | n = 269 * | |
Maternal allergic history, n (%) | ||
Yes | 123 (48) | 125 (46) |
No | 135 (52) | 144 (54) |
Sex, n (%) | ||
Male | 132 (51) | 138 (51) |
Female | 126 (49) | 131 (49) |
Mode of delivery, n (%) | ||
Vaginal delivery | 203 (79) | 213 (79) |
Caesarian delivery | 55 (21) | 56 (21) |
Season of birth, n (%) | ||
Spring | 82 (32) | 83 (31) |
Summer | 72 (28) | 71 (26) |
Autumn | 47 (18) | 55 (21) |
Winter | 57 (22) | 60 (22) |
Age of mother (year), n (%) | ||
≤25 | 5 (2) | 5 (2) |
>25–35 | 167 (65) | 173 (64) |
>35 | 86 (33) | 91 (34) |
9-month follow-up | ||
Atopic dermatitis, n (%) | ||
Yes | 69 (27) | 74(27.5) |
No | 184 (71) | 195 (72.5) |
Lost to follow-up | 5 (2) | 0 (0) |
Egg white sensitization, n (%) | ||
Yes | 121 (47) | 127 (47) |
No | 135 (52) | 142 (53) |
Lost to follow-up | 2 (1) | 0 (0) |
Cow’s milk sensitization, n (%) | ||
Yes | 23 (9) | 26 (10) |
No | 232 (90) | 242 (89) |
Lost to follow-up | 3 (1) | 1 (1) |
House dust mite sensitization, n (%) | ||
Yes | 11 (4) | 13 (5) |
No | 245 (95) | 256 (95) |
Lost to follow-up | 2 (1) | 0 |
Cat sensitization, n (%) | ||
Yes | 8 (3) | 7 (2) |
No | 247 (96) | 261 (97) |
Lost to follow-up | 3 (1) | 1 (1) |
BM sCD14 | AD | Non-AD | p-Value * | Adjusted p-Value † |
---|---|---|---|---|
Colostrum (μg/mL) | 20.87 (3.55–45.31) | 20.91 (2.2–45.9) | 0.804 | 0.971 |
1-month BM (μg/mL) | 6.86 (1.1–19.3) | 8.53 (0.88–28.26) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
BM sCD14 | sCD14 Levels (μg/mL) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Very low | 0.88–6.104 | 1 | |
Low | 6.105–7.86 | 0.78 (0.36–1.68) | 0.529 |
Middle | 7.87–10.10 | 0.36 (0.15–0.89) | 0.028 |
High | 10.11–28.26 | 0.38 (0.16–0.89) | 0.027 |
BM sCD14 | EWS | Non-EWS | p-Value * | Adjusted p-Value † |
---|---|---|---|---|
Colostrum (μg/mL) | 20.87 (8.82–45.9) | 20.78 (2.2–45.7) | 0.777 | 0.871 |
1-month BM (μg/mL) | 7.26 (1.05–16.71) | 8.57 (0.88–28.26) | 0.01 | 0.183 |
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Fikri, B.; Tani, Y.; Nagai, K.; Sahara, M.; Mitsuishi, C.; Togawa, Y.; Nakano, T.; Yamaide, F.; Ohno, H.; Shimojo, N. Soluble CD14 in Breast Milk and Its Relation to Atopic Manifestations in Early Infancy. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2118. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092118
Fikri B, Tani Y, Nagai K, Sahara M, Mitsuishi C, Togawa Y, Nakano T, Yamaide F, Ohno H, Shimojo N. Soluble CD14 in Breast Milk and Its Relation to Atopic Manifestations in Early Infancy. Nutrients. 2019; 11(9):2118. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092118
Chicago/Turabian StyleFikri, Bahrul, Yumi Tani, Kazue Nagai, Masumi Sahara, Chisako Mitsuishi, Yaei Togawa, Taiji Nakano, Fumiya Yamaide, Hiroshi Ohno, and Naoki Shimojo. 2019. "Soluble CD14 in Breast Milk and Its Relation to Atopic Manifestations in Early Infancy" Nutrients 11, no. 9: 2118. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092118