Youth with Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder: Examining Differences by Age, Weight Status, and Symptom Duration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All N = 102 | Normal Weight %mBMI ≥90% N = 37 (36.3%) | Underweight %mBMI <90% N = 65 (63.7%) | pa | c Acute Symptom Onset N = 15 (14.7%) | Chronic Symptom Onset N = 86 (84.3%) | pa | Children Ages 8–11 N = 43 (42.2%) | Adolescents Ages 12–18 N = 59 (57.8%) | pa | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | ||||||||||
Age d | 12.30 (2.65) | 11.95 (2.60) | 12.51 (2.68) | 0.30 | 12.53 (2.29) | 12.27 (2.73) | 0.69 | |||
8–11 years, n (%) | 43 (42.2) | 18 (48.7) | 25 (38.5) | 0.32 | 5 (33.3) | 38 (44.2) | 0.43 | 43 (42.2) | ||
12–18 years, n (%) | 59 (57.8) | 19 (51.4) | 40 (61.5) | 10 (66.7) | 48 (55.8) | 59 (57.8) | ||||
Gender, n (%) | ||||||||||
Male | 41 (40.2) | 16 (43.2) | 25 (38.5) | 0.64 | 2 (13.3) | 39 (45.4) | 0.02 | 19 (44.2) | 22 (37.3) | 0.48 |
Female | 61 (59.8) | 21 (56.8) | 40 (61.5) | 13 (86.7) | 47 (54.7) | 24 (58.8) | 37 (62.7) | |||
Race, n (%) | ||||||||||
White/Caucasian | 84 (82.4) | 33 (89.2) | 51 (78.5) | 0.17 | 10 (66.7) | 73 (84.9) | 0.14 b | 36 (83.7) | 48 (81.4) | 0.76 |
Black/African American | 2 (2.0) | 1 (2.7) | 1 (1.5) | 1.00 b | 0 (0) | 2 (2.3) | 1.00 b | 0 (0) | 2 (3.4) | 0.51 b |
Asian | 4 (3.9) | 0 (0) | 4 (6.2) | 0.29 b | 0 (0) | 4 (4.7) | 1.00 b | 2 (4.7) | 2 (3.4) | 1.00 b |
Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||||||||
Hispanic/Latino | 9 (8.8) | 3 (8.1) | 6 (9.2) | 1.00 b | 3 (20.0) | 6 (7.0) | 0.13 b | 5 (11.6) | 4 (6.8) | 0.49 b |
Weight Presentation | ||||||||||
Kilograms d | 37.62 (12.20) | 44.25 (14.12) | 33.84 (9.09) | <0.01 | 40.61 (10.83) | 37.15 (12.46) | 0.28 | 29.27 (8.12) | 43.70 (11.04) | <0.01 |
BMI d | 16.11 (2.70) | 18.36 (2.80) | 14.84 (1.59) | <0.01 | 16.98 (2.47) | 15.95 (2.74) | 0.16 | 14.92 (2.04) | 16.99 (2.81) | <0.01 |
BMI z-score d | −1.44 (1.40) | −0.10 (0.72) | −2.20 (1.08) | <0.01 | −0.86 (0.89) | −1.52 (1.45) | 0.03 | −1.40 (1.48) | −1.47 (1.36) | 0.79 |
%mBMI d | 87.08 (12.90) | 100.38 (10.51) | 79.51 (6.31) | <0.01 | 91.29 (11.23) | 86.53 (13.05) | 0.15 | 88.16 (12.15) | 86.29 (13.46) | 0.47 |
All N = 102 | Normal Weight %mBMI ≥90% N = 37 (36.27%) | Underweight %mBMI <90% N = 65 (63.73%) | pa | g Acute Symptom Onset N = 15 (14.71%) | Chronic Symptom Onset N = 86 (84.31%) | pa | Children Ages 8–11 N = 43 (42.16%) | Adolescents Ages 12–18 N = 59 (57.84%) | pa | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diagnoses n (%) | ||||||||||
Psychiatric comorbidity (any DSM-5 diagnosis) | 75 (73.53) | 26 (70.27) | 49 (75.38) | 0.57 | 9 (60.00) | 65 (75.58) | 0.21 b | 30 (69.77) | 45 (76.27) | 0.46 |
ADHD | 23 (22.55) | 7 (18.92) | 16 (24.62) | 0.51 | 1 (6.67) | 22 (25.58) | 0.18 b | 13 (30.23) | 10 (16.95) | 0.11 |
Autism | 6 (5.88) | 5 (13.51) | 1 (1.54) | 0.02 | 0 (0) | 6 (6.98) | 0.59 b | 1 (2.33) | 5 (8.47) | 0.40 |
Depressive Disorder c | 19 (18.63) | 5 (13.51) | 14 (21.54) | 0.32 | 2 (13.33) | 17 (19.77) | 0.73 b | 4 (9.30) | 15 (25.42%) | 0.04 b |
Anxiety Disorder d | 58 (56.86) | 22 (59.46) | 36 (55.38) | 0.69 | 9 (60.00) | 48 (55.81) | 0.76 | 23 (53.49%) | 35 (59.32%) | 0.56 |
Parent Report | ||||||||||
CBCL Score ≥70, n (%) | 21 (27.3) | 11 (34.4) | 10 (22.2) | 0.24 | 1 (8.3) | 20 (31.3) | 0.16 b | 18 (66.67) | 38 (76) | 0.38 |
Self-Report Measures | ||||||||||
Self-harm/Suicidal ideation h (MiniKid) f,h | 1.91 (0.29) | 1.91 (0.30) | 1.91 (0.29) | 0.86 | 2.00 (0) | 1.89 (0.31) | 0.02 | 1.93 (0.27) | 1.90 (0.30) | 0.70 |
CDI Total T Score ≥70, n (%) | 7 (9.1) | 4 (12.5) | 3 (6.7) | 0.44 b | 0 (0) | 7 (10.9) | 0.59 b | 24 (88.89) | 46 (92) | 0.69 b |
Rosenberg Self-Esteem f,h | 21.78 (6.16) | 20.91 (6.71) | 22.40 (5.73) | 0.40 | 23.58 (6.49) | 21.38 (6.11) | 0.34 | 21.07 (6.16) | 22.16 (6.19) | 0.46 |
Beck Anxiety Inventory Total Score e,h | 10.38 (9.41) | 11.65 (9.87) | 9.73 (9.25) | 0.51 | 7.44 (9.29) | 11.02 (9.42) | 0.32 | |||
SCARED Child Total ≥25, n (%) i | 11 (29.73) | 6 (35.29) | 5 (25.00) | 0.49 | ||||||
SCARED Parent Total ≥25, n (%) i | 12 (32.43) | 6 (35.29) | 6 (30.00) | 0.73 | ||||||
BAI Score ≥20, n (%) | 8 (16.0) | 2 (11.8) | 6 (18.2) | 0.70 b | 1 (11.1) | 7 (17.1) | 0.66 | |||
CIA Score ≥16, n (%) | 16 (32.0) | 7 (41.2) | 9 (27.3) | 0.32 | 3 (33.3) | 13 (31.7) | 1.00 b | |||
Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire e,h | 19.38 (4.95) | 19.88 (5.02) | 19.12 (4.97) | 0.61 | 18.89 (6.01) | 19.49 (4.77) | 0.78 |
All N = 102 | Normal Weight %mBMI ≥90% N = 37 (36.27%) | Underweight %mBMI <90% N = 65 (63.73%) | pa | d Acute Symptom Onset N = 15 (14.71%) | Chronic Symptom Onset N = 86 (84.31%) | pa | Children Ages 8–11 N = 43 (42.16%) | Adolescents Ages 12–18 N = 59 (57.84%) | pa | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vital Signs | ||||||||||
Pulse rate e | 78.78 (15.10) | 76.65 (14.83) | 80.00 (15.23) | 0.28 | 76.20 (15.52) | 79.42 (15.06) | 0.47 | 82.40 (17.84) | 76.15 (12.23) | 0.05 |
Systolic blood pressure e | 113.13 (9.54) | 115.08 (8.76) | 112.02 (9.85) | 0.11 | 113.20 (5.51) | 113.17 (10.14) | 0.99 | 109.72 (10.14) | 115.61 (8.31) | <0.01 |
Diastolic blood pressure e | 63.32 (7.79) | 62.08 (6.86) | 64.03 (8.24) | 0.20 | 63.00 (6.68) | 63.40 (8.05) | 0.84 | 62.47 (8.69) | 63.95 (7.08) | 0.36 |
Medical Instability | ||||||||||
Bradycardia, <50 beats per minute, n(%) | 4 (3.92) | 0 (0) | 4 (6.15) | 0.29 b | 2 (13.33) | 2 (2.33) | 0.10 b | 3 (6.98) | 1 (1.69) | 0.31 b |
Hypotension, systolic pressure <90 mm Hg, n (%) | 2 (1.96) | 0 (0) | 2 (3.08) | 0.53 b | 1 (6.67) | 1 (1.16) | 0.28 b | 2 (4.65) | 0 (0) | 0.18 b |
Orthostatic Instability, >20 beats per minute, >10 mm Hg, n (%) | 56 (54.90) | 18 (48.65) | 38 (58.46) | 0.34 | 9 (60.00) | 46 (53.49) | 0.64 | 21 (48.84) | 35 (59.32) | 0.29 |
Admitted/In hospital at presentation, n (%) | 14 (13.73) | 2 (5.41) | 12 (18.56) | 0.07 | 4 (26.67) | 10 (11.63) | 0.22 b | 6 (13.95) | 8 (13.56) | 0.95 |
Amenorrhea c, n (%) | 6 (9.84) | 2 (9.52) | 4 (10.0) | 1.00 b | 3 (23.08) | 3 (6.38) | 0.11 b | 2 (8.33) | 4 (10.81) | 1.00 b |
Prior Eating Disorder Treatment, n (%) | 38 (37.25) | 15 (40.54) | 23 (35.38) | 0.60 | 3 (20.00) | 35 (40.70) | 0.13 | 16 (37.21) | 22 (37.29) | 0.99 |
Psychotropic medication, n (%) | 35 (34.31) | 15 (40.54) | 20 (30.77) | 0.32 | 4 (26.67) | 31 (36.05) | 0.48 | 12 (27.91) | 23 (38.98) | 0.25 |
Other medical condition present potentially impacting weight, n (%) | 13 (12.75) | 5 (13.51) | 8 (12.31) | 1.00 b | 2 (13.33) | 11 (12.79) | 1.00 b | 6 (13.95) | 7 (11.86) | 0.75 |
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Duncombe Lowe, K.; Barnes, T.L.; Martell, C.; Keery, H.; Eckhardt, S.; Peterson, C.B.; Lesser, J.; Le Grange, D. Youth with Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder: Examining Differences by Age, Weight Status, and Symptom Duration. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1955. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081955
Duncombe Lowe K, Barnes TL, Martell C, Keery H, Eckhardt S, Peterson CB, Lesser J, Le Grange D. Youth with Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder: Examining Differences by Age, Weight Status, and Symptom Duration. Nutrients. 2019; 11(8):1955. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081955
Chicago/Turabian StyleDuncombe Lowe, Kristina, Timothy L. Barnes, Carolyn Martell, Helene Keery, Sarah Eckhardt, Carol B. Peterson, Julie Lesser, and Daniel Le Grange. 2019. "Youth with Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder: Examining Differences by Age, Weight Status, and Symptom Duration" Nutrients 11, no. 8: 1955. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081955