Precision Nutrition and the Microbiome Part II: Potential Opportunities and Pathways to Commercialisation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Impact of Environment and Life Stage on Gut Microbiota and Health and Opportunities for Optimising Health through Diet, Probiotics and Prebiotics
2.1. Pregnancy
2.2. Infants
2.3. Elderly in Nursing Homes
2.4. Physical Activity
2.5. Stress
3. Modifying the Microbiota as A Target for Preventing Over/Undernutrition—Potential of Probiotics, Prebiotics and Dietary Fibre
3.1. Probiotics
3.2. Prebiotics
3.3. Fibre
4. The Microbiota Can Be Used as a Biomarker to Predict Responsiveness to Specific Dietary Consitituents, For Example, Fibre
5. Opportunities for Precision Microbiomics
6. Commercialisation of Microbiome Testing
7. Guidelines for Evaluating the Scientific Validity of Evidence for Providing Personalised Microbiome-Based Dietary Advice
- Analytical validity—a measure of the accuracy of the genotyping.
- Scientific validity—concerns the strength of the evidence linking a genetic variant with a specific outcome.
- Clinical utility—the measure of the likelihood that the recommended advice or therapy will lead to a beneficial outcome beyond the current state of the art.
- Ethical, legal and social implications that may arise in the context of using the test.
Proposed Framework for Scientific Evidence Assessment
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Life Stage | Probiotics | Prebiotics/Oligosaccharides | Synbiotics | Fibre |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pregnancy/Lactating Mother |
| |||
Infant |
| |||
Adult–Physical Activity |
|
| ||
Adult–Stress |
| |||
Elderly |
|
|
|
Probiotic | Subject Information | Duration | Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bif. breve B-3 | Adult volunteers, aBMI 24 to 30 kg/m2 | 12 weeks |
| [201] |
Bif. breve B-3 | Pre-obese adults (25 ≤ BMI < 30 kg/m2) | 12 weeks |
| [202] |
Bif. animalis ssp. lactis | Overweight and obese adults | 6 months |
| [203] |
L. gasseri BNR17 | Systematic review of human studies | - |
| [204] |
Prebiotic/Synbiotic | Subject Information | Duration | Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Oligofructose | Healthy adults, aBMI > 25 kg/m2 | 12 weeks |
| [213] |
Oligofructose-enriched inulin | Overweight/obese children, 7–12 years | 16 weeks |
| [214] |
Oligofructose | Obese/overweight children, 7–11 years and 12–18 years | 12 weeks | No effect | [215] |
Inulin-type fructans | Obese women | 3 months |
| [216] |
Inulin-type fructans | Obese women | 3 months |
| [217] |
Synbiotic in eRUTF | Children with fSAM, 5–168 months | 33 days |
| [218] |
Prebiotic-probiotic fortified milk | Preschool healthy and stunted children | 1 year |
| [219] |
Synbiotic (probiotic mix + inulin and gFOS) | Healthy toddlers, 12 months | 1 year |
| [220] |
Synbiotic | Children with failure to thrive | 6 months |
| [221] |
Fibre | Subject Information | Duration | Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Oat β-glucan | Overweight obese adults, aBMI = 25 to 45 kg/m2 | 12 weeks |
| [224] |
Whole grain wheat bread | BMI ≥ 23 kg/m2 | 12 weeks |
| [225] |
Whole grain wheat | Post-menopausal women | 12 weeks |
| [226] |
Recommended intake of dietary fibre | Obese and overweight pregnant women (BMI = 30.7 kg/m2) | Study began in early pregnancy (≤17 weeks) |
| [227] |
Company (Website) | Method (as Indicated on Website) | Output for Consumer |
---|---|---|
Biohm (biohmhealth.com) | Sequences genes of bacteria and fungi at genus and species level | Consumer receives a grade of microbiome diversity, a comparison of all six major bacterial communities and four major fungal communities to normal levels and a strain by strain analysis of bacterial and fungal communities. Consumer receives personalized dietary, lifestyle and supplemental recommendations. |
American Gut (americangut.org) | 16s rRNA gene sequencing | A general overview of how the consumer’s microbial profile compares to other participants. A full list of microorganisms found in the sample and their relative abundances is provided. Note: American Gut is a crowd-funded microbiome research project and was started to provide a means to collect a large set of data surrounding the microbiome. |
DayTwo (daytwo.com) | Sequences the DNA of microbiome. Consumer also provides blood test results including aHbA1c | A scoring system rates thousands of different foods and food combinations based on the consumer’s biometrics, gut microbiome analysis, lifestyle factors and health questionnaire to yield a unique nutrition profile that enables blood-sugar balance. The consumer follows the scores to choose the foods which won’t increase blood sugar levels using the DayTwo personalised nutrition app. |
THRYVE (thryveinside.com) | 16s rRNA gene sequencing | Consumer receives a gut wellness score, gut diversity score, a ‘likelihood analysis’ of symptoms based on deficiencies in beneficial bacteria, as well as personalised dietary recommendations. Examples of symptoms: ‘More likely to feel beset by worries’; ‘More likely to feel fatigued and tired’; ‘More likely to have poor sleep’; ‘More likely to have itchy and dry skin’; ‘Difficulty maintaining a healthy weight’ |
UBIOME–Gut Explorer (ubiome.com) | Patented precision sequencing process | Gut Explorer: Consumer receives a comprehensive breakdown of the microbiome, it’s functioning, and how it compares to others. SmartGut: In conjunction with general practitioner (who orders the test), consumer receives a diversity score and breakdown of beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms associated with gut conditions like bIBS, and cIBD, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, as well as microorganisms associated with metabolic conditions including obesity, diabetes and dNAFLD. |
Microba (microba.com) | Metagenomic sequencing | Consumer receives a detailed report describing gut microbiota diversity, members of microbial community including fungi and parasites, metabolic potential (protein, fat and carbohydrate breakdown, vitamin production), comparison with microbiome of others and personalised dietary recommendations. |
AtlasBioMed (atlasbiomed.com) | eN/A | Consumer receives a grade of microbiome diversity, ability of gut to breakdown fibre, ratios of gut bacteria which influence disease including obesity, type II diabetes, heart disease and fIBD, personalised food recommendations. |
VIOME (viome.com) | Metatranscriptomics | All living gut microorganisms are analysed including bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses, bacteriophages, archaea, yeast etc. Consumer receives a score of gut microbiome balance, pathway activities and functions, and their integrative impacts on metabolism, inflammation, and other wellness factors. Consumer receives personalized dietary, lifestyle and supplemental recommendations. |
OME (ome.health) | gNGS | OME Heart Health and OME Weight Loss: Consumer receives score of bacterial diversity, full genetic bacterial profile, identification of beneficial and pathogenic bacteria. Also available to the consumer is a 12-week Heart Health or Weight Loss coaching programme with personalised meal plans and progress tracking etc. |
BTS Ireland (btsireland.com) | N/A | Provides a selection of tests based on stool analysis. The Intestinal Colonisation test screens for the most beneficial and pathogenic bacteria. |
(i) Study Design and Quality | |
Considerations: Type of microbe/diet/outcome interaction
Levels of Interaction
| |
(ii) Biological Mechanism and Plausibility | |
Considerations: Biological plausibility is a judgement based on the collected evidence of a microbe x diet interaction on a phenotype. An example of high biological plausibility could be a single microbial strain known to have benefits regarding saturated fat metabolism that leads to lower triglycerides and cholesterol. In this respect, Neville and colleagues recently proposed a variant of Koch’s postulates to provide a framework to establish causation in the case of a single strain in human microbiota research [269]. On the other hand, a vegan diet high in fibre affects the gut flora and over time the symptoms of metabolic syndrome improve—this type of interaction may not be fully explained physiologically or may only be demonstrated statistically. | |
(iii) Probability Term | |
Considerations: Assessing the validity of a putative microbe × diet interaction is generally complex, and as knowledge deepens, assessment of its validity will develop. | |
Probability terms based on subjective probability range | |
Probability term | Subjective probability range (%) |
A. Convincing | > 90 |
B. Probable | 66–90 |
C. Possible | 33–66 |
D. Insufficient | < 33 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Mills, S.; Lane, J.A.; Smith, G.J.; Grimaldi, K.A.; Ross, R.P.; Stanton, C. Precision Nutrition and the Microbiome Part II: Potential Opportunities and Pathways to Commercialisation. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1468. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071468
Mills S, Lane JA, Smith GJ, Grimaldi KA, Ross RP, Stanton C. Precision Nutrition and the Microbiome Part II: Potential Opportunities and Pathways to Commercialisation. Nutrients. 2019; 11(7):1468. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071468
Chicago/Turabian StyleMills, Susan, Jonathan A. Lane, Graeme J. Smith, Keith A. Grimaldi, R. Paul Ross, and Catherine Stanton. 2019. "Precision Nutrition and the Microbiome Part II: Potential Opportunities and Pathways to Commercialisation" Nutrients 11, no. 7: 1468. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071468
APA StyleMills, S., Lane, J. A., Smith, G. J., Grimaldi, K. A., Ross, R. P., & Stanton, C. (2019). Precision Nutrition and the Microbiome Part II: Potential Opportunities and Pathways to Commercialisation. Nutrients, 11(7), 1468. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071468