ANGPTL-4 is Associated with Obesity and Lipid Profile in Children and Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cross-Sectional Study
2.2. Longitudinal Study
2.3. Ethical Considerations
2.4. Clinical Examination and Blood Sampling
2.5. Biochemical Assays
2.6. ANGPTL-4 Pre-Adsorption
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Plasma ANGPTL-4 Levels Are Reduced in Children and Adolescents with Obesity and Associated with Obesity-Related Parameters
3.2. Impact of BMI Loss and Plasma Lipid Changes on ANGPTL-4 Circulating Levels
4. Discussion
Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Lean (n = 73) | Obesity (n = 77) | p | Test | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (year) | 10.53 (3.45) | 11.16 (3.07) | 0.24 | $ |
Sex (girl:boy) | 38:35 | 40:37 | 0.99 | |
Sexual development (prepuberty:puberty) | 34:39 | 38:39 | 0.73 | |
Birth weight (kg) | 3.24 (0.63) | 3.25 (0.55) | 0.91 | $ |
Weight (kg) | 38.70 (15.03) | 62.64 (20.86) | <0.001 | # |
Height (cm) | 140.85 (18.46) | 148.39 (16.03) | 0.01 | $ |
BMI (kg/m2) | 18.64 (3.63) | 27.56 (4.59) | <0.001 | # |
Waist circumference (cm) | 67.89 (12.47) | 91.15 (13.27) | <0.001 | $ |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 83.86 (9.02) | 79.12 (11.76) | 0.007 | $ |
Insulin (mUI/L) | 6.72 (6.68) | 13.83 (9.69) | <0.001 | # |
HOMA index | 1.40 (1.29) | 2.76 (2.12) | <0.001 | # |
IGF-1 (ng/mL) | 298.95 (184.69) | 327.26 (189.30) | 0.51 | $ |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 55.14 (23.84) | 65.24 (31.55) | 0.03 | $ |
Free fatty acids (mg/dL) | 12.37 (5.40) | 11.37 (3.94) | 0.41 | # |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 171.15 (36.25) | 160.49 (31.07) | 0.06 | $ |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 102.26 (35.13) | 97.24 (29.72) | 0.37 | $ |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 59.57 (13.55) | 46.60 (12.05) | <0.001 | $ |
Leptin (ng) | 9.65 (14.28) | 18.30 (12.26) | <0.001 | $ |
TSH (mUI/L) | 2.39 (1.18) | 2.68 (1.15) | 0.14 | $ |
fT4 (ng/dL) | 1.08 (0.22) | 1.16 (0.13) | 0.03 | # |
fT3 (pg/mL) | 4.26 (0.46) | 4.19 (0.40) | 0.47 | $ |
Estradiol (pg/mL) | 31.12 (36.35) | 26.13 (33.16) | 0.41 | $ |
Testosterone (ng/mL) | 0.73 (1.43) | 0.46 (0.67) | 0.14 | # |
FSH (UI/L) | 2.48 (2.16) | 2.96 (2.55) | 0.57 | # |
Vitamin-D (ng/mL) | 23.37 (12.38) | 16.97 (6.59) | 0.006 | # |
β (SE) | t Statistic | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 59.65 (8.87) | 6.72 | <0.001 |
Obesity diagnostic | −14.86 (2.75) | −5.39 | <0.001 |
Free fatty acids | 0.75 (0.27) | 2.77 | 0.007 |
LDL-cholesterol | 0.15 (0.07) | 2.15 | 0.03 |
Vitamin-D | 0.04 (0.13) | 0.28 | 0.77 |
Total-cholesterol | −0.15 (0.07) | −2.18 | 0.03 |
Baseline | Follow-up | p | |
---|---|---|---|
N | 20 | ||
Age (year) | 10.9 (2.6) | 13.11 (2.6) | 0.01 |
Sex (girl:boy) | 11:9 | ||
Sexual development (prepuberty:puberty) | 9:11 | 4:16 | 0.09 |
Weight (kg) | 60.2 (18.2) | 55.8 (12.3) | 0.37 |
Height (cm) | 147.8 (15.6) | 156.9 (13.1) | 0.05 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.8 (3.4) | 22.3 (2.2) | <0.001 |
Fat mass (kg) | 27.2 (10.0) | 19.6 (6.3) | 0.01 |
Non-fat mass (kg) | 29.5 (8.5) | 32.9 (9.3) | 0.27 |
Percent Fat mass | 45.3 (4.5) | 32.7 (7.1) | <0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 89.4 (12.5) | 81.7 (9.0) | 0.03 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 81.4 (9.0) | 82.25 (7.9) | 0.77 |
Insulin (mUI/L) | 9.0 (5.2) | 9.5 (6.7) | 0.74 |
HOMA index | 1.8 (1.0) | 2.0 (1.4) | 0.71 |
IGF-1 (ng/mL) | 367.4 (197.2) | 362.2 (179.3) | 0.94 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 68.9 (55.8) | 69.3 (32.0) | 0.98 |
Free fatty acids (mg/dL) | 13.5 (6.4) | 14.9 (7.0) | 0.52 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 166.8 (25.4) | 168.3 (30.4) | 0.86 |
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 102.6 (21.5) | 101.6 (26.9) | 0.90 |
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 44.3 (8.7) | 48.6 (12.5) | 0.21 |
T-cholesterol/HDL | 3.9 (1.2) | 3.6 (1.0) | 0.44 |
LDL/HDL | 2.4 (0.9) | 2.2 (0.9) | 0.47 |
Leptin (ng/mL) | 18.2 (20.9) | 14.3 (17.4) | 0.55 |
TSH (mUI/L) | 2.7 (1.4) | 2.5 (1.1) | 0.63 |
fT4 (ng/dL) | 1.1 (0.1) | 1.2 (0.1) | 0.11 |
fT3 (pg/mL) | 4.1 (0.3) | 4.1 (0.4) | 0.86 |
Estradiol (pg/mL) | 37.6 (56.3) | 48.4 (79.4) | 0.64 |
Testosterone (ng/mL) | 0.6 (1.1) | 0.6 (0.8) | 0.93 |
FSH (UI/L) | 3.3 (2.7) | 3.1 (2.5) | 0.80 |
Vitamin-D (ng/mL) | 26.4 (16.5) | 23.1 (14.7) | 0.52 |
ANGPTL4 (ng/mL) | 59.7 (4.0) | 67.7 (4.1) | 0.16 |
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Barja-Fernández, S.; Folgueira, C.; Castelao, C.; Pena-León, V.; González-Saenz, P.; Vázquez-Cobela, R.; Aguilera, C.M.; Gil-Campos, M.; Bueno, G.; Gil, Á.; et al. ANGPTL-4 is Associated with Obesity and Lipid Profile in Children and Adolescents. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1340. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061340
Barja-Fernández S, Folgueira C, Castelao C, Pena-León V, González-Saenz P, Vázquez-Cobela R, Aguilera CM, Gil-Campos M, Bueno G, Gil Á, et al. ANGPTL-4 is Associated with Obesity and Lipid Profile in Children and Adolescents. Nutrients. 2019; 11(6):1340. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061340
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarja-Fernández, Silvia, Cintia Folgueira, Cecilia Castelao, Verónica Pena-León, Patricia González-Saenz, Rocío Vázquez-Cobela, Concepción M. Aguilera, Mercedes Gil-Campos, Gloria Bueno, Ángel Gil, and et al. 2019. "ANGPTL-4 is Associated with Obesity and Lipid Profile in Children and Adolescents" Nutrients 11, no. 6: 1340. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061340