Macronutrient Intake in Soccer Players—A Meta-Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
2.2. Inclusion Criteria
2.3. Data Collection and Quality Assessment
2.4. Calculation of Weighted Averages Nutritional Intake
3. Results
3.1. Description of Studies and Study Population
3.2. Dietary Intake in Individual Groups
3.3. Meta-Analysis
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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DATABASE | KEY | NUMBER |
---|---|---|
EBSCOhost—SPORTDiscus | (soccer OR football) AND (nutrition OR diet OR macronutrient) Limiters: Published Date: 20000101-20191231; Source Types: Academic Journals | 777 |
Scopus | ((TITLE-ABS-KEY (soccer) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY (football))) AND ((TITLE-ABS-KEY (nutrition) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY (diet) OR TITLE-ABS-KEY (macronutrient))) AND (LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR, 2019–2000) AND (LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, “ar”)) | 562 |
PubMed | Search (((soccer) OR football)) AND (((nutrition) OR diet) OR macronutrient) From 2000/01/01 to 2019/12/31 | 659 |
Study | Year | Country | Level | Recording Season | Recording Period (Days) | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bettonviel [41] | 2016 | Netherlands | Dutch Premier League (Eredivisie) | The first half of the competitive season | 4 nonconsecutive days (1 match day, 1 post match day, 1 rest day, 1 training day) | Self-reported, 24-h web-based recall method |
Bonnicci [46] | 2018 | Malta | Malta BOV Premier League | The end of the competitive season | 4 consecutive days (Monday to Thursday) | Self-reported, normal habitual diet |
Briggs [29] | 2015 | UK | English Premier League | The second half of the competitive season | 7 nonconsecutive days (4 training days, 2 rest days, 1 match day) | Self-reported, weighed food diary and 24-h recall |
Brinkmans [42] | 2019 | Netherlands | Dutch Premier League (Eredivisie) | November until April | 24-h × 3 | Three unannounced face-to-face 24-h dietary recalls for a match-, training, and rest day |
Caccialanza [39] | 2007 | Italy | Italian First Division | - | 4 consecutive days (2 training days, 1 match day, 1 rest day) | Self-reported food records on a time zero (T0) and after 3 months (T1) |
Devlin [43] | 2016 | Australia | Australian A-league | The end of the pre-competition period | 24-h (training day) | Multiple-pass dietary recalls for a ‘training day’ during the end of preseason period |
do Prado [37] | 2006 | Brazil | Brazilian Campeonato Paulista Série A1 | The whole competitive season | - | Self-reported food consumed more than three times per week regardless whether the athlete was or not on a match day |
Ersoy [47] | 2019 | Turkey | Pro-professional soccer | The pre-competition period | 3 consecutive days | Three-day food consumption registration form |
Galanti [40] | 2015 | Italy | Italian First Division | The competitive season | - | Questions about the type of food, the portions and frequency of consumption of various foods and beverages. The quantification of food intake was undertaken using pictures of food depicted in different portions with known weights from a dedicated photographic archive. |
Garrido [33] | 2007 | Spain | Spain División de Honor Juvenil | The second half of the competitive season | 5 consecutive days (4 weekdays and a weekend match day) | Self-reported; food intake was assessed on 2 occasions “buffet-style” diet and a fixed “menu-style” diet |
Hassapidou [44] | 2000 | Greece | Elite Greek team | The competitive season | 3 consecutive days (including the match day) | Self-recorded weighed dietary record |
Hidalgo [45] | 2015 | Mexico | Mexican National Soccer League | The competitive season | 4 consecutive days (excluding the match day) | Self-recorded weighed dietary record |
Cherian [48] | 2018 | India | Junior national-level | - | 3 consecutive days | Self-recorded weighed dietary record |
Iglesias-Gutiérrez [34] | 2012 | Spain | Spanish First Division | The first half of the competitive season | 6 consecutive days (a whole week, excluding the match-day) | Self-recorded weighed dietary record |
Iglesias-Gutiérrez [35] | 2005 | Spain | Spanish First Division | The first half of the competitive season | 6 consecutive days (a whole week, excluding the match-day) | Self-recorded weighed dietary record |
Leblanc [49] | 2002 | French | French National Training Centre | The beginning of the year | 5 consecutive days (including 3 weekdays and 2 weekend days) | Self-recorded using household measures such as cups, dishes, and spoons |
Murphy [30] | 2006 | UK | English Premier League and a League One | The mid-season | 7 consecutive days | Self-reported; to eliminate the possibility of under-reporting, the basal metabolic rate (BMR) of all participants was calculated. Any subjects thought to be underreporting were eliminated from the study. |
Naughton [31] | 2016 | UK | English Premier League | - | 7 consecutive days | Self-recorded |
Raizel [38] | 2017 | Brazil | Brazilian professional soccer players | The pre-season | 3 nonconsecutive days (2 nonconsecutive weekdays and a weekend day) | Semi-structured food record in pre-season |
Ruiz [36] | 2005 | Spain | Spain Tercera División | - | 3 consecutive days (Sunday, Monday, and Tuesday) | Self-recorded with a weighing scale and a questionnaire to record the type and quantity of food eaten. |
Russell [32] | 2011 | UK | UK Championship soccer team | The first half of the competitive season | 7 days (a match day, 4 training days, and 2 rest days in the first half of the competitive season) | Self-recorded using household measures such as cups, dishes, and spoons |
Study | Year | Age | n | Energy (kcal/day) | Energy (kcal/kg/day) | Proteins (g/kg/day) | CHO (g/kg/day) | Fat (% of TEI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bettonviel [41] | 2016 | 17.3 (1.1) | 15 | 2938 (465) | 42.6 (6.7) | 1.7 (0.4) | 6.0 (1.5) | 26 (3) |
Briggs [29] | 2015 | 15.4 (0.3) | 10 | 2237 (320) | 41.2 (5.3) | 1.5 (0.2) | 5.6 (0.4) | 29 (2) |
Caccialanza [39] | 2007 | 16 (1) | 43 | 2560 (636) | 36.7 (9.1) | 1.5 (0.4) | 4.9 (1.5) | 31 (3) |
16 (1) | 43 | 2640 (614) | 37.2 (8.7) | 1.5 (0.4) | 5.0 (1.3) | 30 (3) | ||
Ersoy [47] | 2019 | 16 (1.2) | 26 | 3225 (692) | 47.9 (10.2) | 1.9 (0.5) | 6.3 (1.7) | 30 (6) |
Galanti [40] | 2015 | 15–16 | 30 | 2844 (51) | 40.3 (0.7) | 1.6 (0.2) | 6.1 (0.4) | 33 (3) |
Garrido [33] | 2007 | 16.9 (1.5) | 33 | 2740 (531) | 37.8 (8.3) | 1.5 (0.3) | 4.4 (1.1) | - |
16.1 (1.4) | 29 | 3148 (619) | 45.1 (10.0) | 1.6 (0.3) | 5.6 (1.4) | - | ||
Hidalgo [45] | 2015 | 15.5 (0.0) | 24 | 3067 (151) | 50.3 (8.0) | 2.2 (0.1) | 6.7 (0.4) | 31 (0) |
16.5 (0.0) | 24 | 2930 (73) | 45.1 (1.4) | 2.0 (0.1) | 5.7 (0.2) | 33 (0) | ||
17.3 (0.0) | 18 | 2715 (131) | 40.7 (2.0) | 1.9 (0.1) | 5.4 (0.3) | 30 (0) | ||
19.3 (0.2) | 6 | 3042 (117) | 44.9 (2.9) | 2.2 (0.2) | 5.4 (0.3) | 33 (0) | ||
Cherian [48] | 2018 | 10.0 (0.8) | 10 | 2871 (279) | 77.8 (7.6) | 2.2 (0.7) | 12.9 (3.0) | 24 (2) |
13.3 (1.5) | 11 | 3237 (303) | 59.6 (5.6) | 1.8 (0.1) | 9.3 (0.7) | 26 (2) | ||
Iglesias-Gutiérrez [34] | 2012 | 18 (2) | 87 | 2794 (526) | 38.5 (8.5) | 1.6 (0.4) | 4.7 (1.1) | 37 (5) |
Iglesias-Gutiérrez [35] | 2005 | 14–16 | 33 | 3003 (437) | 46.5 (8.6) | 1.9 (0.4) | 5.6 (1.2) | 38 (5) |
Leblanc [49] | 2002 | 13 | 19 | 2436 (374) | 49.2 (7.6) | 1.9 (0.4) | 6.5 (1.1) | 33 (3) |
14 | 19 | 2916 (286) | 55.2 (5.4) | 2.2 (0.4) | 6.8 (0.7) | 33 (4) | ||
15 | 19 | 3010 (427) | 48.8 (6.9) | 1.9 (0.3) | 6.4 (1.3) | 32 (3) | ||
Murphy [30] | 2006 | 16–19 | 22 | 2452 (430) | 33.9 (5.9) | 1.3 (0.2) | 4.3 (0.3) | 32 (3) |
Naughton [31] | 2016 | 12.7 (0.6) | 21 | 1903 (432) | 43.1 (10.3) | 2.2 (0.5) | 6.0 (1.2) | 26 (8) |
14.4 (0.5) | 25 | 1927 (317) | 32.6 (7.9) | 1.6 (0.3) | 4.7 (1.4) | 25 (5) | ||
16.4 (0.5) | 13 | 1958 (390) | 28.1 (6.8) | 2.0 (0.3) | 3.2 (1.3) | 27 (7) | ||
Ruiz [36] | 2005 | 14.0 (0.1) | 18 | 3456 (309) | 54.6 (5.5) | 2.0 (0.2) | 6.7 (0.9) | 36 (3) |
14.9 (0.5) | 20 | 3418 (182) | 51.5 (2.5) | 2.1 (0.1) | 5.9 (0.4) | 38 (2) | ||
16.6 (0.2) | 19 | 3478 (223) | 48.4 (2.4) | 2.0 (0.1) | 5.3 (0.4) | 39 (1) | ||
Russell [32] | 2011 | 17 (1) | 10 | 2831 (164) | 42.3 (2.9) | 1.7 (0.1) | 5.9 (0.4) | 31 (1) |
Seniors | ||||||||
Bettonviel [41] | 2016 | 22.8 (3.7) | 14 | 2988 (583) | 38.8 (7.6) | 1.9 (0.3) | 4.7 (0.7) | 29 (4) |
Bonnicci [46] | 2018 | 27.1 (4.2) | 22 | 2164 (498) | 28.7 (6.6) | 1.5 (0.4) | 3.7 (1.0) | 30 (5) |
Brinkmans [42] | 2019 | 23 (4) | 41 | 3285 (354) | 42.4 (3.5) | 1.7 (0.5) | 4.0 (1.2) | 31 (5) |
Devlin [43] | 2016 | 27 (5) | 18 | 2247 (550) | 29.7 (7.3) | 1.9 (0.5) | 2.9 (1.1) | 33 (9) |
do Prado [37] | 2006 | 23 (7) | 118 | 3371 (721) | 44.3 (9.5) | 1.9 (0.3) | 5.9 (0.7) | 29 (5) |
Hassapidou [44] | 2000 | 24.8 (5.5) | 21 | 3442 (158) | 46.0 (2.1) | 2.0 (1.3) | 5.3 (1.9) | 41 (5) |
Raizel [38] | 2017 | 20.7 (2.0) | 19 | 2924 (460) | 40.7 (12.8) | 1.9 (0.8) | 5.4 (1.9) | 29 (3) |
Ruiz [36] | 2005 | 20.9 (0.5) | 24 | 3030 (141) | 41.1 (2.1) | 1.8 (0.1) | 4.6 (0.2) | 38 (3) |
Junior Players | Heterogeneity | Senior Players | Heterogeneity | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Weighted Average (95% CI) | I2 | Weighted Average (95% CI) | I2 | |
Energy (kcal/kg/day) | 44.1 (42.5–45.7) | 3.3 | 42.9 (40.1–45.6) | 0 |
2000–2010 | 49.3 (46.5–52.1) | 0 | 43.6 (40.7–46.4) † | 0 |
2010–2019 | 41.3 (40.2–42.4) * | 22.2 | 35.0 (25.5–44.6) | 0 |
Proteins (g/kg/day) | 1.9 (1.8–2.0) | 24.7 | 1.8 (1.6–2.0) | 0 |
2000–2010 | 2.0 (1.9–2.1) | 5.6 | 1.8 (1.6–2.0) | 0 |
2010–2019 | 1.8 (1.7–1.9) | 23.4 | 1.9 (1.4–2.4) | 0 |
CHO (g/kg/day) | 5.7 (5.5–5.9) | 0 | 4.7 (4.3–5.0) † | 0 |
2000–2010 | 5.8 (5.3–6.2) | 0 | 4.7 (4.3–5.1) † | 0 |
2010–2019 | 5.7 (5.4–5.9) | 13.3 | 4.3 (3.2–5.4) † | 0 |
Fat (% of TEI) | 31.5 (32.0–35.9) | 4.4 | 33.1 (29.9–36.2) | 20.5 |
2000–2010 | 34.0 (32.0–35.9) | 0 | 36.7 (32.3–41.2) | 39.4 |
2010–2019 | 31.4 (30.5–32.2) * | 25.7 | 29.3 (24.7–33.8) * | 0 |
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Steffl, M.; Kinkorova, I.; Kokstejn, J.; Petr, M. Macronutrient Intake in Soccer Players—A Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1305. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061305
Steffl M, Kinkorova I, Kokstejn J, Petr M. Macronutrient Intake in Soccer Players—A Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2019; 11(6):1305. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061305
Chicago/Turabian StyleSteffl, Michal, Ivana Kinkorova, Jakub Kokstejn, and Miroslav Petr. 2019. "Macronutrient Intake in Soccer Players—A Meta-Analysis" Nutrients 11, no. 6: 1305. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061305