Vitamin D in Wild and Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar)—What Do We Know?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Method
2.1. Wild Salmon
Sampling
2.2. Farmed Salmon
2.2.1. Experimental Procedure
2.2.2. Sampling
2.3. Review for Data on Vitamin D in Salmonids
2.4. Laboratory Analyses
2.4.1. Vitamin D in Salmon Fillets and Fishfeed
2.4.2. Fat Content in Wild Salmon
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Wild Salmon
3.2. Farmed Salmon
3.2.1. Performance of Fish
3.2.2. Vitamin D Content of Farmed Salmon
3.3. Published Data on Vitamin D in Wild and Farmed Salmonids
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year of | Salmon (Salmo Salar) | Salmon (Oncorhynchus sp.) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sampling | Wild | Farmed | Wild x | Farmed y | |||||||||
N | mean ± SD | Range | N | mean ± SD | Range | N | mean ± SD | Range | N | mean ± SD | Range | Ref | |
1953–1980 | 3 | 30 ± 24 a,c | 8–55 | [14] | |||||||||
1991 | 9 | 13 ± 3 | 8–16 | [36] | |||||||||
1993 | * 2 × 10 | 7.6 | 7.3–7.8 | [37] | |||||||||
1996 | 11 | 18.7 ± 3.8 | 10–23 | [38] | |||||||||
2002–2003 | * 2 × 10 | 9.6 | 8.4–10.7 | * 4 × 10 | 7.6 | 4.2–9.1 | * 4 × 20 | 8.1 | 3.8–10.7 | [15] | |||
2007 b | 24 | 6.2 ± 1.0 c | 12 | 9.3 ± 1.6 c | [35] | ||||||||
2007–2008 | * 20 | 10 | * 12 | 6.9 | [17] | ||||||||
2007–2008 | * 2 × 10 | 6.7 | 6.5–7.0 | * 2 × 10 | 14.2 | 12.7–15.6 | [18] | ||||||
2011 | * 9 | 7.0 | [39] | ||||||||||
2014 | 5 | 18.5 ± 4.6 | 15.7–26.6 | - | |||||||||
2015 b | 10 | 26.5 ± 5.6 | 10 | 5.9 ± 3.6 | 10 | 8.0 ± 3.4 | [16] | ||||||
2016 b | 3 | 5.8 | 3.6–8.2 | [19] | |||||||||
2016 | 5 | 9.4 ± 1.9 | 6.7–11.6 | - | |||||||||
2018 | 12 | 6.0 ± 1.4 | 2.3–7.3 | [18] |
Year of | Salmon (Salmo Salar) | Salmon (Oncorhynchus sp.) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sampling | Wild | Farmed | Wild x | Farmed y | |||||||||
N | mean ± SD | Range | N | mean ± SD | Range | N | mean ± SD | Range | N | mean ± SD | Range | Ref | |
2007–2008 | * 20 | 0.49 | * 12 | 0.22 | [17] | ||||||||
2007–2008 | * 2 × 10 | 0.38 | 0.37 × 0.38 | * 2 × 10 | 0.054 | <0.1–0.11 | [18] | ||||||
2011 | * 9 | 0.18 | [39] | ||||||||||
2014 | 5 | 0.30 ± 0.03 | 0.28–0.36 | - | |||||||||
2016 b | 3 | nd | [19] | ||||||||||
2016 | 5 | 0.22 ± 0.05 | 0.15–0.27 | - | |||||||||
2018 | 12 | 0.78 ± 0.30 | 0.37–1.5 | [18] |
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Jakobsen, J.; Smith, C.; Bysted, A.; Cashman, K.D. Vitamin D in Wild and Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar)—What Do We Know? Nutrients 2019, 11, 982. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11050982
Jakobsen J, Smith C, Bysted A, Cashman KD. Vitamin D in Wild and Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar)—What Do We Know? Nutrients. 2019; 11(5):982. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11050982
Chicago/Turabian StyleJakobsen, Jette, Cat Smith, Anette Bysted, and Kevin D. Cashman. 2019. "Vitamin D in Wild and Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar)—What Do We Know?" Nutrients 11, no. 5: 982. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11050982
APA StyleJakobsen, J., Smith, C., Bysted, A., & Cashman, K. D. (2019). Vitamin D in Wild and Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo Salar)—What Do We Know? Nutrients, 11(5), 982. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11050982