From Probiotics to Psychobiotics: Live Beneficial Bacteria Which Act on the Brain-Gut Axis
by
Luis G. Bermúdez-Humarán 1,*
, Eva Salinas 2, Genaro G. Ortiz 3, Luis J. Ramirez-Jirano 3, J. Alejandro Morales 4 and Oscar K. Bitzer-Quintero 3,*
Luis G. Bermúdez-Humarán 1,*, Eva Salinas 2, Genaro G. Ortiz 3, Luis J. Ramirez-Jirano 3, J. Alejandro Morales 4 and Oscar K. Bitzer-Quintero 3,*
1
INRA, Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
2
Department of Microbiology, Center of Basic Science, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes 20131, Mexico
3
Neurosciences Division, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
4
Department of Computer Sciences, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Jalisco, Mexico
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nutrients 2019, 11(4), 890; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040890
Received: 21 March 2019 / Revised: 16 April 2019 / Accepted: 18 April 2019 / Published: 20 April 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Central Nervous System)
There is an important relationship between probiotics, psychobiotics and cognitive and behavioral processes, which include neurological, metabolic, hormonal and immunological signaling pathways; the alteration in these systems may cause alterations in behavior (mood) and cognitive level (learning and memory). Psychobiotics have been considered key elements in affective disorders and the immune system, in addition to their effect encompassing the regulation of neuroimmune regulation and control axes (the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis or HPA, the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary axis or SAM and the inflammatory reflex) in diseases of the nervous system. The aim of this review is to summarize the recent findings about psychobiotics, the brain-gut axis and the immune system. The review focuses on a very new and interesting field that relates the microbiota of the intestine with diseases of the nervous system and its possible treatment, in neuroimmunomodulation area. Indeed, although probiotic bacteria will be concentrated after ingestion, mainly in the intestinal epithelium (where they provide the host with essential nutrients and modulation of the immune system), they may also produce neuroactive substances which act on the brain-gut axis.
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Keywords:
probiotics; microbiota; beneficial bacteria; psychobiotics; human health
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This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
MDPI and ACS Style
Bermúdez-Humarán, L.G.; Salinas, E.; Ortiz, G.G.; Ramirez-Jirano, L.J.; Morales, J.A.; Bitzer-Quintero, O.K. From Probiotics to Psychobiotics: Live Beneficial Bacteria Which Act on the Brain-Gut Axis. Nutrients 2019, 11, 890.
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