Are the Motives for Food Choices Different in Orthorexia Nervosa and Healthy Orthorexia?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Instruments
2.2.1. Sociodemographic Data
2.2.2. Teruel Orthorexia Scale (TOS)
2.2.3. Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ)
2.2.4. Control Question
2.3. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Psychometric Properties of FCQ
3.2. Food Choice in Orthorexia Nervosa and Healthy Orthorexia
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Models | χ2 | df | CFI | TLI | RMSEA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
M1. FCQ 5 Factors | 1573.9 | 460 | 0.911 | 0.878 | 0.073 |
M2. FCQ 6 Factors | 1283.4 | 429 | 0.932 | 0.900 | 0.066 |
M3. FCQ 7 Factors | 1086.8 | 399 | 0.945 | 0.913 | 0.061 |
M4. Short FCQ | 333.1 | 146 | 0.979 | 0.956 | 0.053 |
M5. TOS & Short FCQ & Gender & BMI & Age | 1214.8 | 759 | 0.966 | 0.956 | 0.036 |
Initial FCQ Version | Short FCQ Version | ||||||||||||||
Item Loadings | Item Loadings | ||||||||||||||
WeCo | SeAp | Co | HeCo | AfRe | So | Pr | WeCo | SeAp | Co | HeCo | Pr | AfRe | So | ||
01. Is easy to prepare | 0.05 | −0.13 | 0.84 | −0.01 | −0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | −0.11 | 0.87 | 0.00 | −0.02 | −0.02 | 0.00 | |
* 02. Contains no additives | 0.26 | −0.06 | −0.19 | 0.40 | −0.04 | 0.36 | 0.12 | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | |
03. Is low in calories | 0.90 | −0.05 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.91 | −0.08 | −0.02 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.02 | |
04. Tastes good | −0.02 | 0.74 | 0.02 | 0.07 | −0.06 | −0.15 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.75 | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.04 | −0.08 | −0.15 | |
* 05. Contains natural ingredients | 0.10 | 0.05 | −0.09 | 0.50 | −0.07 | 0.35 | 0.06 | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | |
06. Is not expensive | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.00 | −0.13 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.85 | 0.08 | 0.00 | −0.06 | −0.13 | 0.88 | −0.01 | 0.02 | |
07. Is low in fat | 0.81 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.10 | −0.03 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.82 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 0.03 | −0.03 | 0.03 | |
* 08. Is familiar | 0.03 | 0.35 | −0.10 | 0.13 | 0.15 | −0.03 | −0.05 | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | |
* 09. Is high in fiber and roughage | 0.32 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.45 | 0.06 | 0.17 | −0.06 | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | |
10. Is nutritious | 0.02 | 0.17 | −0.02 | 0.70 | −0.13 | 0.05 | −0.05 | 0.01 | 0.13 | −0.02 | 0.75 | −0.04 | −0.07 | 0.02 | |
* 11. Is easily available in shops and supermarkets | 0.11 | 0.36 | 0.41 | 0.02 | −0.20 | −0.01 | 0.21 | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | |
12. Is good value for money | 0.03 | 0.32 | 0.15 | 0.04 | −0.14 | 0.05 | 0.57 | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.63 | −0.05 | 0.03 | |
* 13. Cheers me up | 0.09 | 0.45 | −0.04 | −0.08 | 0.44 | −0.02 | 0.10 | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | |
14. Smells nice | 0.01 | 0.78 | −0.11 | −0.19 | 0.22 | 0.08 | 0.05 | −0.02 | 0.72 | −0.11 | −0.08 | 0.08 | 0.23 | 0.05 | |
15. Can be cooked very simply | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.86 | −0.05 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.86 | −0.03 | 0.03 | 0.09 | −0.02 | |
16. Helps me cope with stress | 0.25 | 0.06 | 0.09 | −0.09 | 0.72 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 0.06 | 0.11 | −0.09 | −0.02 | 0.70 | 0.07 | |
17. Helps me control my weight | 0.84 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.17 | −0.07 | −0.05 | 0.84 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | −0.04 | 0.18 | −0.05 | |
18. Has a pleasant texture | 0.01 | 0.66 | 0.04 | −0.04 | 0.15 | 0.05 | −0.05 | 0.06 | 0.71 | 0.02 | −0.05 | −0.04 | 0.14 | 0.07 | |
19. Is packaged in an environmentally friendly way | −0.01 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.08 | −0.01 | 0.63 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.06 | −0.01 | 0.63 | |
20. Comes from countries I approve of politically | −0.03 | −0.02 | 0.07 | −0.02 | 0.00 | 0.94 | −0.05 | 0.04 | −0.05 | 0.02 | −0.01 | −0.01 | −0.02 | 0.94 | |
* 21. Is like the food I ate when I was a child | −0.07 | 0.22 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.24 | 0.21 | −0.05 | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | |
22. Contains a lot of vitamins and minerals | 0.04 | −0.01 | 0.03 | 0.69 | 0.05 | 0.19 | −0.04 | 0.01 | −0.09 | −0.02 | 0.74 | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.15 | |
* 23. Contains no artificial ingredients | 0.16 | 0.00 | −0.26 | 0.46 | 0.04 | 0.43 | 0.12 | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | |
24. Keeps me awake/alert | 0.03 | −0.05 | −0.06 | 0.24 | 0.65 | −0.04 | 0.13 | 0.03 | −0.01 | −0.01 | 0.19 | 0.09 | 0.62 | −0.04 | |
25. Looks nice | −0.11 | 0.53 | 0.05 | 0.13 | 0.28 | −0.11 | −0.02 | −0.10 | 0.55 | 0.06 | 0.13 | −0.03 | 0.31 | −0.13 | |
26. Helps me relax | 0.03 | 0.04 | −0.05 | 0.12 | 0.77 | 0.07 | 0.04 | −0.03 | 0.02 | −0.03 | 0.10 | −0.01 | 0.88 | 0.01 | |
27. Is high in protein | 0.08 | −0.06 | 0.03 | 0.50 | 0.25 | 0.06 | −0.02 | 0.03 | −0.14 | 0.00 | 0.57 | 0.02 | 0.34 | 0.00 | |
28. Takes no time to prepare | 0.01 | −0.08 | 0.86 | −0.01 | 0.03 | −0.03 | 0.06 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.87 | −0.03 | 0.02 | −0.02 | −0.01 | |
29. Keeps me healthy | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.82 | −0.02 | −0.07 | 0.01 | 0.20 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.74 | −0.02 | −0.03 | −0.02 | |
30. Is good for my skin/teeth/hair/nails, etc. | −0.05 | 0.01 | −0.02 | 0.67 | 0.24 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.05 | −0.01 | 0.59 | 0.05 | 0.21 | 0.14 | |
* 31. Makes me feel good | −0.04 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.55 | 0.48 | −0.22 | 0.01 | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | |
32. Has the country of origin clearly marked | −0.16 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.21 | 0.05 | 0.78 | −0.07 | −0.11 | 0.00 | −0.02 | 0.22 | −0.03 | 0.03 | 0.78 | |
* 33. Is what I usually eat | −0.03 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.17 | 0.14 | −0.03 | −0.12 | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | |
* 34. Helps me to cope with life | −0.01 | −0.03 | 0.04 | 0.30 | 0.71 | 0.03 | −0.09 | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | ––– | |
35. Can be bought in shops close to where I live or work | −0.12 | 0.18 | 0.54 | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.22 | −0.06 | 0.14 | 0.48 | 0.11 | 0.26 | 0.01 | 0.08 | |
36. Is cheap | −0.13 | −0.01 | 0.14 | 0.02 | 0.11 | −0.07 | 0.88 | −0.08 | −0.03 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.94 | 0.07 | −0.07 | |
Interfactor Correlations | Interfactor Correlations | ||||||||||||||
WeCo | SeAp | Co | HeCo | AfRe | So | Pr | WeCo | SeAp | Co | HeCo | Pr | AfRe | So | ||
WeCo | WeCo | ||||||||||||||
SeAp | 0.03 | SeAp | −0.01 | ||||||||||||
Co | 0.02 | 0.20 | Co | 0.06 | 0.21 | ||||||||||
HeCo | 0.45 | 0.27 | 0.03 | HeCo | 0.44 | 0.21 | 0.02 | ||||||||
AfRe | 0.09 | 0.35 | 0.21 | 0.22 | Pr | 0.10 | 0.34 | 0.45 | 0.17 | ||||||
So | 0.22 | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.42 | 0.22 | AfRe | 0.16 | 0.32 | 0.20 | 0.25 | 0.18 | ||||
Pr | 0.14 | 0.30 | 0.36 | 0.17 | 0.11 | 0.12 | So | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.41 | 0.13 | 0.26 |
Correlations | Descriptive Statistics | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HeOr | OrNe | Gender | BMI | Age | Mean | SD | Alpha | |
TOS Healthy Orthorexia | 0.03 | −0.15 | 0.11 | 12.71 | 5.26 | 0.85 | ||
TOS Orthorexia Nervosa | 0.35 | −0.09 | 0.11 | −0.20 | 4.32 | 4.05 | 0.84 | |
Short FCQ Weight Control | 0.40 | 0.62 | −0.18 | 0.21 | 0.07 | 2.34 | 0.89 | 0.87 |
Short FCQ Sensorial Appeal | −0.19 | −0.22 | −0.22 | -0.10 | 0.05 | 3.08 | 0.64 | 0.76 |
Short FCQ Convenience | −0.14 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 2.68 | 0.74 | 0.84 |
Short FCQ Health Content | 0.69 | 0.22 | −0.04 | −0.14 | 0.08 | 2.77 | 0.70 | 0.82 |
Short FCQ Price | −0.15 | 0.07 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 2.89 | 0.68 | 0.81 |
Short FCQ Affect Regulation | −0.09 | 0.19 | −0.14 | 0.01 | −0.07 | 2.11 | 0.82 | 0.77 |
Short FCQ Sociopolitical | 0.35 | 0.14 | −0.01 | −0.07 | 0.08 | 1.99 | 0.84 | 0.80 |
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Depa, J.; Barrada, J.R.; Roncero, M. Are the Motives for Food Choices Different in Orthorexia Nervosa and Healthy Orthorexia? Nutrients 2019, 11, 697. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030697
Depa J, Barrada JR, Roncero M. Are the Motives for Food Choices Different in Orthorexia Nervosa and Healthy Orthorexia? Nutrients. 2019; 11(3):697. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030697
Chicago/Turabian StyleDepa, Julia, Juan Ramón Barrada, and María Roncero. 2019. "Are the Motives for Food Choices Different in Orthorexia Nervosa and Healthy Orthorexia?" Nutrients 11, no. 3: 697. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030697
APA StyleDepa, J., Barrada, J. R., & Roncero, M. (2019). Are the Motives for Food Choices Different in Orthorexia Nervosa and Healthy Orthorexia? Nutrients, 11(3), 697. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030697