Dairy Product Consumption and Metabolic Diseases in the Di@bet.es Study
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Population
2.2. Variables and Procedures
2.3. Statistical Study
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Di@bet.es Study Group
Research Involving Human Subjects
References
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SEX | AGE | GEOGRAPHICAL AREA | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | M | W | p | 18–30 | 31–45 | 46–60 | 61–75 | >75 | p | S | N | C | N–E | E | p | |
n = 5081 | n = 2180 | n = 2901 | n = 681 | n = 1453 | n = 1397 | n = 1105 | n = 445 | n = 1622 | n = 626 | n = 1260 | n = 922 | n = 651 | ||||
Consumption of dairy (milk, cheese, or yogurt) (%) | ||||||||||||||||
<once/day | 10.3 | 12.4 | 8.7 | <0.001 | 14.2 | 9.9 | 10.9 | 8.9 | 6.7 | <0.001 | 10.8 | 5.1 | 7.1 | 10.6 | 19.4 | <0.001 |
once/day | 21.8 | 25.6 | 19.0 | 23.1 | 20.2 | 20.8 | 24.2 | 22.7 | 18.4 | 17.3 | 21.9 | 21.7 | 34.9 | |||
twice/day | 35.4 | 34.8 | 35.9 | 34.7 | 35.4 | 34.8 | 36.2 | 36.4 | 33.6 | 31.2 | 38.4 | 39.6 | 32.3 | |||
≥3 times/day | 32.5 | 27.2 | 36.5 | 28 | 34.4 | 33.6 | 30.8 | 34.2 | 37.2 | 46.5 | 32.5 | 28.1 | 13.5 | |||
Consumption of shakes, puddings, ice cream, etc. (%) | ||||||||||||||||
never | 45.5 | 40.1 | 49.5 | <0.001 | 32 | 40.1 | 48.7 | 52 | 57.5 | <0.001 | 49.1 | 51.1 | 42.7 | 39.4 | 45 | <0.001 |
<once/day | 48.4 | 52.7 | 45.3 | 58 | 52.8 | 46.4 | 43.6 | 38 | 42.7 | 45.2 | 55.3 | 55.1 | 43.2 | |||
≥ once/day | 6.1 | 7.2 | 5.2 | 10 | 7.2 | 4.9 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 8.2 | 3.7 | 2 | 5.5 | 11.8 | |||
Butter consumption (%) | ||||||||||||||||
<once/day | 72.5 | 73.2 | 72.0 | 0.8 | 63 | 65 | 72.7 | 82.5 | 86.1 | <0.001 | 74.7 | 83.7 | 75.6 | 61.9 | 65.1 | <0.001 |
once/day | 9.7 | 9.3 | 9.9 | 10.6 | 12 | 9.1 | 8.6 | 5.2 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 11.5 | 16.5 | 11.1 | |||
twice/day | 13.3 | 13.0 | 13.5 | 18.8 | 17.4 | 14 | 6.2 | 6.7 | 14 | 7.3 | 10.5 | 17.5 | 16.7 | |||
≥3 times/day | 4.6 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 7.6 | 5.6 | 4.3 | 2.6 | 2 | 5.9 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 4.1 | 7.1 |
All Subjects (n = 5081) | Subjects with Known Diabetes Excluded (n = 4538) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | p | OR a | 95% CI b | p | OR a | 95% CI b |
Age | <0.001 | 1.083 | (1.07–1.08) | <0.001 | 1.080 | (1.07–1.08) |
Sex | <0.001 | 0.507 | (0.44–0.58) | <0.001 | 0.488 | (0.42–0.56) |
South area | RC c | 1 | RC c | 1 | ||
North area | <0.001 | 1.58 | (1.24–2.00) | <0.001 | 1.600 | (1.25–2.03) |
Center area | <0.001 | 0.669 | (0.55–0.81) | <0.001 | 0.661 | (0.53–0.81) |
Northeast area | 0.011 | 0.766 | (0.62–0.94) | 0.028 | 0.783 | (0.63–0.97) |
East area | 0.012 | 0.740 | (0.58–0.93) | 0.042 | 0.777 | (0.61–0.99) |
Dairy < once/day | RC c | 1 | RC c | 1 | ||
Dairy once/day | 0.470 | 0.907 | (0.69–1.18) | 0.530 | 0.916 | (0.69–1.20) |
Dairy twice/day | 0.107 | 0.815 | (0.63–1.04) | 0.111 | 0.810 | (0.62–1.04) |
Dairy 3 times or more | 0.022 | 0.743 | (0.57–0.95) | 0.068 | 0.782 | (0.60–1.01) |
Body mass index (kg m2) | <0.001 | 1.138 | (1.12–1.15) | <0.001 | 2.698 | (2.30–3.16) |
Mandatory school attendance | RC c | 1 | RC c | 1 | ||
School attendance over 16 years old | 0.007 | 0.81 | (0.69–0.94) | 0.012 | 0.816 | (0.69-0.95) |
All Subjects (n:5081) | Subjects with Known Diabetes Excluded (n = 4538) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | p | OR a | 95% CI b | p | OR a | 95% CI b |
Age | 0.005 | 1.007 | (1.00–1.01) | 0.003 | 1.008 | (1.03–1.03) |
Sex | 0.92 | 1.006 | (0.88–1.14) | 0.814 | 0.983 | (0.85–1.13) |
South area | RC c | 1 | RC c | 1 | ||
North area | <0.001 | 0.535 | (0.43–0.66) | <0.001 | 0.567 | (0.44–0.71) |
Center area | 0.001 | 0.745 | (0.62–0.88) | 0.005 | 0.767 | (0.63–0.92) |
Northeast area | <0.001 | 0.708 | (0.58–0.85) | 0.003 | 0.736 | (0.60–0.90) |
East area | 0.001 | 0.685 | (0.53–0.85) | 0.002 | 0.695 | (0.55–0.87) |
Dairy < once/day | RC c | 1 | RC c | |||
Dairy once/day | 0.02 | 0.758 | (0.60–0.95) | 0.049 | 0.748 | (0.60–0.99) |
Dairy twice/day | 0.006 | 0.737 | (0.59–0.91) | 0.04 | 0.710 | (0.56–0.89) |
Dairy 3 times or more | <0.001 | 0.641 | (0.51–0.80) | <0.001 | 0.624 | (0.49–0.79) |
Hypertension | <0.001 | 2.9 | (2.49–3.37) | <0.001 | 2.768 | (2.36–3.24) |
Mandatory school attendance | RC c | 1 | RC c | 1 | ||
School attendance over 16 years old | <0.001 | 0.61 | (0.52–0.71) | <0.001 | 0.607 | (0.52–0.71) |
Variables | p | OR a | 95% CI b |
---|---|---|---|
Age | <0.001 | 1.053 | (1.04–1.06) |
Sex | <0.001 | 0.559 | (0.46–0.67) |
South area | RC c | 1 | |
North area | 0.002 | 0.616 | (0.45–0.83) |
Center area | <0.001 | 0.588 | (0.45–0.75) |
Northeast area | 0.012 | 0.715 | (0.55–0.92) |
East area | 0.646 | 0.935 | (0.70–1.24) |
Dairy < once/day | RC c | 1 | |
Dairy once/day | 0.675 | 1.073 | (0.77–1.49) |
Dairy twice/day | 0.712 | 1.062 | (0.77–1.45) |
Dairy 3 times or more | 0.801 | 0.959 | (0.69–1.33) |
Hypertension | <0.001 | 2.523 | (2.00–3.18) |
Body mass index (kg m-2) | <0.001 | 2.064 | (1.72–2.47) |
Mandatory school attendance | RC c | 1 | |
School attendance over 16 years old | 0.196 | 0.859 | (0.46–0.67) |
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Lago-Sampedro, A.; García-Escobar, E.; Rubio-Martín, E.; Pascual-Aguirre, N.; Valdés, S.; Soriguer, F.; Goday, A.; Calle-Pascual, A.; Castell, C.; Menéndez, E.; et al. Dairy Product Consumption and Metabolic Diseases in the Di@bet.es Study. Nutrients 2019, 11, 262. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020262
Lago-Sampedro A, García-Escobar E, Rubio-Martín E, Pascual-Aguirre N, Valdés S, Soriguer F, Goday A, Calle-Pascual A, Castell C, Menéndez E, et al. Dairy Product Consumption and Metabolic Diseases in the Di@bet.es Study. Nutrients. 2019; 11(2):262. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020262
Chicago/Turabian StyleLago-Sampedro, Ana, Eva García-Escobar, Elehazara Rubio-Martín, Nuria Pascual-Aguirre, Sergio Valdés, Federico Soriguer, Albert Goday, Alfonso Calle-Pascual, Conxa Castell, Edelmiro Menéndez, and et al. 2019. "Dairy Product Consumption and Metabolic Diseases in the Di@bet.es Study" Nutrients 11, no. 2: 262. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020262
APA StyleLago-Sampedro, A., García-Escobar, E., Rubio-Martín, E., Pascual-Aguirre, N., Valdés, S., Soriguer, F., Goday, A., Calle-Pascual, A., Castell, C., Menéndez, E., Delgado, E., Bordiú, E., Castaño, L., Franch-Nadal, J., Girbés, J., Chaves, F. J., Gaztambide, S., Rojo-Martínez, G., & Olveira, G. (2019). Dairy Product Consumption and Metabolic Diseases in the Di@bet.es Study. Nutrients, 11(2), 262. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020262