Vitamin D Levels in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Population-Based Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Clinical Assessments
2.3. Laboratory Measurements
2.4. Covariates
2.5. Statistics
3. Results
Association of 25(OH)D Level and Self-Reported PCOS
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | PCOS (n = 280) | Controls (n = 1573) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Daylight | |||
Season of the blood sampling, n (%) a | 0.554 e | ||
High vitamin D months | 136 (66.7) | 720 (64.5) | |
Low vitamin D months | 68 (33.3) | 396 (35.5) | |
Latitude, n (%) b | 0.002 e | ||
65° N | 43 (17.5) | 268 (17.0) | |
>65° N | 147 (59.7) | 775 (49.3) | |
60° N | 56 (22.8) | 530 (33.7) | |
Lifestyle | |||
Diet score, n (%) c | 0.869 e | ||
0–1 | 122 (44.8) | 689 (43.8) | |
2–3 | 130 (47.8) | 777 (49.4) | |
4–5 | 20 (7.4) | 107 (6.8) | |
Alcohol consumption, n (%) | 0.199 e | ||
Abstainer | 35 (13.1) | 182 (11.9) | |
Low-risk drinker (≤20 g/day) | 213 (79.8) | 1275 (83.4) | |
At-risk drinker (≥20 g/day) | 19 (7.1) | 72 (4.7) | |
Smoking, n (%) | 0.262 e | ||
Active smoker | 72 (26.7) | 352 (22.4) | |
Former/Occasional smoker | 63 (23.3) | 414 (26.4) | |
Non-smoker | 135 (50.0) | 803 (51.2) | |
Physical activity, (mean ± SD) d | 14.31 ± 12.36 | 15.48 ± 13.59 | 0.182 f |
Socioeconomic status, n (%) | 0.114 e | ||
Professional | 50 (18.4) | 365 (23.3) | |
Skilled worker | 114 (41.9) | 674 (43.0) | |
Unskilled worker | 44 (16.2) | 218 (13.9) | |
Farmer | 11 (4.0) | 33 (2.1) | |
Others | 53 (19.5) | 277 (17.7) |
25(OH)D Status | PCOS (n = 192) | Controls (n = 1048) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
25(OH)D nmol/L (mean ± SD) | 50.35 ± 13.51 | 48.30 ± 13.37 | 0.051 |
25(OH)D levels | 0.465 | ||
≤30.0 nmol/L, n (%) | 12 (6.3) | 93 (8.9) | |
30.0–50.0 nmol/L, n (%) | 87 (45.3) | 473 (45.1) | |
≥50.0 nmol/L, n (%) | 93 (48.4) | 482 (46.0) | |
25(OH)D quartiles | 0.058 | ||
<39.0 nmol/L, n (%) | 38 (19.8) | 299 (28.5) | |
39.0–49.5 nmol/L, n (%) | 57 (29.7) | 251 (24.0) | |
49.5–59.7 nmol/L, n (%) | 51 (26.6) | 280 (26.7) | |
>59.7 nmol/L, n (%) | 46 (23.9) | 218 (20.8) |
Feature | PCOS (n = 193–268) | Controls (n =1070–1560) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
BMI, kg/m2 a | 26.23 ± 6.05 | 23.61 ± 4.19 | <0.001 |
Testosterone, nmol/L (mean ± SD) | 1.40 ± 0.65 | 1.03 ± 0.43 | <0.001 |
HOMA-IR, (mean ± SD) b | 1.23 ± 0.77 | 1.00 ± 0.43 | <0.001 |
hs-CRP, mg/L (mean ± SD) | 2.62 ± 4.01 | 1.63 ± 3.41 | <0.001 |
Infertility treatment, n (%) c | <0.001 | ||
Yes | 63 (23.5) | 83 (5.5) | |
No | 205 (76.5) | 1437 (94.5) |
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Lumme, J.; Sebert, S.; Pesonen, P.; Piltonen, T.; Järvelin, M.-R.; Herzig, K.-H.; Auvinen, J.; Ojaniemi, M.; Niinimäki, M. Vitamin D Levels in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Population-Based Study. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2831. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112831
Lumme J, Sebert S, Pesonen P, Piltonen T, Järvelin M-R, Herzig K-H, Auvinen J, Ojaniemi M, Niinimäki M. Vitamin D Levels in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Population-Based Study. Nutrients. 2019; 11(11):2831. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112831
Chicago/Turabian StyleLumme, Johanna, Sylvain Sebert, Paula Pesonen, Terhi Piltonen, Marjo-Riitta Järvelin, Karl-Heinz Herzig, Juha Auvinen, Marja Ojaniemi, and Maarit Niinimäki. 2019. "Vitamin D Levels in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Population-Based Study" Nutrients 11, no. 11: 2831. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112831
APA StyleLumme, J., Sebert, S., Pesonen, P., Piltonen, T., Järvelin, M.-R., Herzig, K.-H., Auvinen, J., Ojaniemi, M., & Niinimäki, M. (2019). Vitamin D Levels in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Population-Based Study. Nutrients, 11(11), 2831. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112831