The Calorie and Nutrient Density of More- Versus Less-Processed Packaged Food and Beverage Products in the Canadian Food Supply
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Food Composition Data
2.2. Products Included in the Sample
2.3. Food Processing Classification Systems
2.4. Assessment of The Nutritional Quality of Products
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Food Processing Classification
3.2. Calorie and Nutrient Amounts Per 100 g (or 100 mL) by Extent of Processing
3.2.1. Calories
3.2.2. Sodium
3.2.3. Saturated Fat
3.2.4. Total and Free Sugars
3.2.5. Fibre
3.2.6. Protein
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Monteiro, C.A.; Moubarac, J.C.; Cannon, G.; Ng, S.W.; Popkin, B. Ultra-processed products are becoming dominant in the global food system. Obes. Rev. 2013, 14, 21–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moubarac, J.C.; Batal, M.; Martins, A.P.; Claro, R.; Levy, R.B.; Cannon, G.; Monteiro, C. Processed and ultra-processed food products: Consumption trends in Canada from 1938 to 2011. Can. J. Diet Pract. Res. 2014, 75, 15–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nardocci, M.; Polsky, J.; Moubarac, J. How Ultra-Processed Foods AffectHealth in Canada; Report prepared for Heart and Stroke; TRANSNUT, University of Montreal: Montréal, QC, Canada, June 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Kac, G.; Pérez-Escamilla, R. Nutrition transition and obesity prevention through the life-course. Int. J. Obes. Suppl. 2013, 3, S6–S8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Popkin, B.M. The nutrition transition: An overview of world patterns of change. Nutr. Rev. 2004, 62, S140–S143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Popkin, B.M.; Gordon-Larsen, P. The nutrition transition: Worldwide obesity dynamics and their determinants. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 2004, 28, S2–S9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Popkin, B.M. Global nutrition dynamics: The world is shifting rapidly toward a diet linked with noncommunicable diseases. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006, 84, 289–298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kearney, J. Food consumption trends and drivers. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 2010, 365, 2793–2807. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moubarac, J.C.; Martins, A.P.; Claro, R.M.; Levy, R.B.; Cannon, G.; Monteiro, C.A. Consumption of ultra-processed foods and likely impact on human health. Evidence from Canada. Public Health Nutr. 2013, 16, 2240–2248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stuckler, D.; McKee, M.; Ebrahim, S.; Basu, S. Manufacturing epidemics: The role of global producers in increased consumption of unhealthy commodities including processed foods, alcohol, and tobacco. PLoS Med. 2012, 9, e1001235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moubarac, J.C.; Batal, M.; Louzada, M.L.; Martinez Steele, E.; Monteiro, C.A. Consumption of ultra-processed foods predicts diet quality in Canada. Appetite. 2017, 108, 512–520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martínez Steele, E.; Popkin, B.M.; Swinburn, B.; Monteiro, C.A. The share of ultra-processed foods and the overall nutritional quality of diets in the US: Evidence from a nationally representative cross-sectional study. Popul. Health. Metr. 2017, 15, 6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Poti, J.M.; Mendez, M.A.; Ng, S.W.; Popkin, B.M. Is the degree of food processing and convenience linked with the nutritional quality of foods purchased by US households? Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2015, 101, 1251–1262. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Crovetto, M.M.; Uauy, R.; Martins, A.P.; Moubarac, J.C.; Monteiro, C. Household availability of ready-to-consume food and drink products in Chile: Impact on nutritional quality of the diet. Rev. Med. Chil. 2014, 142, 850–858. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Julia, C.; Martinez, L.; Allès, B.; Touvier, M.; Hercberg, S.; Méjean, C.; Kesse-Guyot, E. Contribution of ultra-processed foods in the diet of adults from the French NutriNet-Santé study. Public Health Nutr. 2018, 21, 27–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Luiten, C.M.; Steenhuis, I.H.; Eyles, H.; Ni Mhurchu, C.; Waterlander, W.E. Ultra-processed foods have the worst nutrient profile, yet they are the most available packaged products in a sample of New Zealand supermarkets. Public Health Nutr. 2016, 19, 530–538. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Louzada, M.L.D.C.; Ricardo, C.Z.; Steele, E.M.; Levy, R.B.; Cannon, G.; Monteiro, C.A. The share of ultra-processed foods determines the overall nutritional quality of diets in Brazil. Public Health Nutr. 2018, 21, 94–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Costa Louzada, M.L.; Martins, A.P.; Canella, D.S.; Baraldi, L.G.; Levy, R.B.; Claro, R.M.; Moubarac, J.C.; Cannon, G.; Monteiro, C.A. Ultra-processed foods and the nutritional dietary profile in Brazil. Rev Saude. Publica. 2015, 49, 38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rauber, F.; da Costa Louzada, M.L.; Steele, E.M.; Millett, C.; Monteiro, C.A.; Levy, R.B. Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases-Related Dietary Nutrient Profile in the UK (2008–2014). Nutrients 2018, 10, 587. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Louzada, M.L.; Baraldi, L.G.; Steele, E.M.; Martins, A.P.; Canella, D.S.; Moubarac, J.C.; Levy, R.B.; Cannon, G.; Afshin, A.; Imamura, F.; et al. Consumption of ultra-processed foods and obesity in Brazilian adolescents and adults. Prev. Med. 2015, 81, 9–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hall, K.D.; Ayuketah, A.; Brychta, R.; Cai, H.; Cassimatis, T.; Chen, K.Y.; Chung, S.T.; Costa, E.; Courville, A.; Darcey, V.; et al. Ultra-Processed Diets Cause Excess Calorie Intake and Weight Gain: An Inpatient Randomized Controlled Trial of Ad Libitum Food Intake. Cell Metab. 2019, 30, 226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mendonça, R.D.; Lopes, A.C.; Pimenta, A.M.; Gea, A.; Martinez-Gonzalez, M.A.; Bes-Rastrollo, M. Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and the Incidence of Hypertension in a Mediterranean Cohort: The Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra Project. Am. J. Hypertens 2017, 30, 358–366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lavigne-Robichaud, M.; Moubarac, J.C.; Lantagne-Lopez, S.; Johnson-Down, L.; Batal, M.; Laouan Sidi, E.A.; Lucas, M. Diet quality indices in relation to metabolic syndrome in an Indigenous Cree (Eeyouch) population in northern Québec, Canada. Public Health Nutr. 2018, 21, 172–180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rauber, F.; Campagnolo, P.D.; Hoffman, D.J.; Vitolo, M.R. Consumption of ultra-processed food products and its effects on children’s lipid profiles: A longitudinal study. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc Dis 2015, 25, 116–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fiolet, T.; Srour, B.; Sellem, L.; Kesse-Guyot, E.; Allès, B.; Méjean, C.; Deschasaux, M.; Fassier, P.; Latino-Martel, P.; Beslay, M.; et al. Consumption of ultra-processed foods and cancer risk: Results from NutriNet-Santé prospective cohort. BMJ 2018, 360, k322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Government of Canada. Canada’s Food Guide: Healthy Food Choices. Available online: https://food-guide.canada.ca/en/healthy-food-choices/ (accessed on 21 October 2019).
- Weaver, C.M.; Dwyer, J.; Fulgoni, V.L.; King, J.C.; Leveille, G.A.; MacDonald, R.S.; Ordovas, J.; Schnakenberg, D. Processed foods: Contributions to nutrition. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2014, 99, 1525–1542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eicher-Miller, H.A.; Fulgoni, V.L.; Keast, D.R. Contributions of processed foods to dietary intake in the US from 2003–2008: A report of the Food and Nutrition Science Solutions Joint Task Force of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, American Society for Nutrition, Institute of Food Technologists, and International Food Information Council. J. Nutr. 2012, 142, 2065S–2072S. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Crino, M.; Sacks, G.; Dunford, E.; Trieu, K.; Webster, J.; Vandevijvere, S.; Swinburn, B.; Wu, J.Y.; Neal, B. Measuring the Healthiness of the Packaged Food Supply in Australia. Nutrients 2018, 10, 702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Neal, B.; Sacks, G.; Shahid, M.; Taylor, F.; Huffman, M. FoodSwitch: State of the Food Supply (April 2019). Available online: https://www.georgeinstitute.org/sites/default/files/food_supply_report.pdf (accessed on 21 October 2019).
- Gibney, M.J. Ultra-Processed Foods: Definitions and Policy Issues. Curr. Dev. Nutr. 2019, 3, nzy077. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jones, J.M. Food processing: Criteria for dietary guidance and public health? Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2019, 78, 4–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bleiweiss-Sande, R.; Chui, K.; Evans, E.W.; Goldberg, J.; Amin, S.; Sacheck, J. Robustness of Food Processing Classification Systems. Nutrients 2019, 11, 1344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Christoforou, A.; Dachner, N.; Mendelson, R.; Tarasuk, V. Front-of-package nutrition references are positively associated with food processing. Public Health Nutr. 2017, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Bernstein, J.T.; Schermel, A.; Mills, C.M.; L’Abbé, M.R. Total and Free Sugar Content of Canadian Prepackaged Foods and Beverages. Nutrients 2016, 8, 582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Franco-Arellano, B.; Arcand, J.; Kim, M.A.; Schermel, A.; L’Abbé, M. Progress towards reducing industrially-produced trans-fatty acids in the Canadian marketplace, 2013–2017. Public Health Nutr. In press for publication as of November 2019.
- Health Canada. Nutrition Labelling Table of Reference Amounts for Food; Health Canada: Ottawa, ON, Canada, 2016; pp. 2–93.
- Monteiro, C.A.; Cannon, G.; Levy, R.; Moubarac, J.-C.; Jaime, P.; Martins, A.P.; Canella, D.; Louzada, M.; Parra, D. NOVA. The star shines bright. World Nutr. 2016, 7, 28–38. [Google Scholar]
- Monteiro, C.A. Nutrition and health. The issue is not food, nor nutrients, so much as processing. Public Health Nutr. 2009, 12, 729–731. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Monteiro, C.A.; Cannon, G.; Moubarac, J.C.; Levy, R.B.; Louzada, M.L.C.; Jaime, P.C. The UN Decade of Nutrition, the NOVA food classification and the trouble with ultra-processing. Public Health Nutr. 2018, 21, 5–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Landis, J.R.; Koch, G.G. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 1977, 33, 159–174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- World Health Organization. Healthy Diet. Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet (accessed on 21 October 2019).
- Government of Canada. Regulations Amending Certain Regulations Made Under the Food and Drugs Act (Nutrition Symbols, Other Labelling Provisions, Partially Hydrogenated Oils and Vitamin D). Available online: http://gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p1/2018/2018-02-10/html/reg2-eng.html (accessed on 21 October 2019).
- Food Standards Australia New Zealand. Overview of the Nutrient Profiling Scoring Criterion. Available online: http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/industry/labelling/Pages/Consumer-guide-to-NPSC.aspx (accessed on 21 October 2019).
- Guide for industry to the Health Star Rating Calculator (HSRC). Available online: http://healthstarrating.gov.au/internet/healthstarrating/publishing.nsf/content/E380CCCA07E1E42FCA257DA500196044/$File/Guide%20for%20Industry%20to%20the%20Health%20Star%20Rating%20Calculator.pdf (accessed on 21 October 2019).
- Department of Health. Nutrient Profiling Technical Document. Available online: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/216094/dh_123492.pdf (accessed on 21 October 2019).
- Moubarac, J. Ultra-Processed Foods in Canada: Consumption, Impact on Ddiet Quality and Policy Implications; TRANSNUT, University of Montreal: Montréal, QC, Canada, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Adams, J.; White, M. Characterisation of UK diets according to degree of food processing and associations with socio-demographics and obesity: Cross-sectional analysis of UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2008-12). Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act 2015, 12, 160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Eicher-Miller, H.A.; Fulgoni, V.L.; Keast, D.R. Processed Food Contributions to Energy and Nutrient Intake Differ among US Children by Race/Ethnicity. Nutrients 2015, 7, 10076–10088. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Baker, P.; Friel, S. Processed foods and the nutrition transition: Evidence from Asia. Obes. Rev. 2014, 15, 564–577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Drewnowski, A. Obesity and the food environment: Dietary energy density and diet costs. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2004, 27, 154–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Small, D.M.; DiFeliceantonio, A.G. Processed foods and food reward. Science 2019, 363, 346–347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moubarac, J.C. Ultra-Processed Food and Drink Products in Latin America: Trends, Impact on Obesity, Policy Implications; Pan American Health Organization: Washington, DC, USA, 2015; Available online: http://iris.paho.org/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/7699/9789275118641_eng.pdf (accessed on 14 November 2019).
- Schulte, E.M.; Avena, N.M.; Gearhardt, A.N. Which foods may be addictive? The roles of processing, fat content, and glycemic load. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0117959. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zinöcker, M.K.; Lindseth, I.A. The Western Diet-Microbiome-Host Interaction and Its Role in Metabolic Disease. Nutrients 2018, 10, 365. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Health Canada. Canada’s Dietary Guidelines. Available online: https://food-guide.canada.ca/en/guidelines/section-2-foods-and-beverages-that-undermine-healthy-eating/ (accessed on 21 October 2019).
- Batal, M.; Johnson-Down, L.; Moubarac, J.C.; Ing, A.; Fediuk, K.; Sadik, T.; Chan, H.M.; Willows, N. Sociodemographic associations of the dietary proportion of ultra-processed foods in First Nations peoples in the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, Manitoba, Alberta and Ontario. Int. J. Food. Sci. Nutr. 2018, 69, 753–761. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Eskola, M.; Elliott, C.T.; Hajšlová, J.; Steiner, D.; Krska, R. Towards a dietary-exposome assessment of chemicals in food: An update on the chronic health risks for the European consumer. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2019, 1–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Government of Canada. Acrylamide and Food Questions and Answers. Available online: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/food-safety/chemical-contaminants/food-processing-induced-chemicals/acrylamide/acrylamide-food-food-safety.html (accessed on 12 November 2019).
- Institute of Food Science & Technology. Acrylamide in foods. Available online: https://www.ifst.org/resources/information-statements/acrylamide-foods (accessed on 12 November 2019).
- Crino, M.; Barakat, T.; Trevena, H.; Neal, B. Systematic review and comparison of classification frameworks describing the degree of food processing. Nutr. Food Technol. 2017, 3, 138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Total n 3 | NOVA | Poti et al. | |||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food Category 2 | U/MP 4 | PCI 5 | P 6 | UP 7 | U/MP 4 | BPI 8 | PBP 9 | MPF 10 | MPG 11 | HPI 12 | HPS 13 | ||||||||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
OVERALL | 17,269 | 2195 | 12.7 | 542 | 3.1 | 1833 | 10.6 | 12,699 | 73.5 | 1089 | 6.3 | 588 | 3.4 | 989 | 5.7 | 2746 | 15.9 | 67 | 0.4 | 2261 | 13.1 | 9529 | 55.2 |
A. Bakery products | 2771 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 146 | 5.3 | 2625 | 94.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 51 | 1.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 2720 | 98.2 |
B. Beverages | 840 | 101 | 12.0 | 1 | 0.1 | 6 | 0.7 | 732 | 87.1 | 82 | 9.8 | 20 | 2.4 | 4 | 0.5 | 26 | 3.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.1 | 707 | 84.2 |
C. Cereals and other grain products | 1275 | 734 | 57.6 | 8 | 0.6 | 23 | 1.8 | 510 | 40.0 | 145 | 11.4 | 83 | 6.5 | 446 | 35.0 | 140 | 11.0 | 16 | 1.3 | 4 | 0.3 | 441 | 34.6 |
D. Dairy products and substitutes | 1495 | 143 | 9.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 407 | 27.2 | 945 | 63.2 | 59 | 3.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 98 | 6.6 | 821 | 54.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 66 | 4.4 | 451 | 30.2 |
E. Desserts | 679 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 679 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 679 | 100.0 |
F. Dessert toppings and fillings | 94 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 94 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 94 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
G. Eggs and egg substitutes | 61 | 52 | 85.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 9 | 14.8 | 44 | 72.1 | 8 | 13.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 9 | 14.8 |
H. Fats and oils | 656 | 0 | 0.0 | 231 | 35.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 425 | 64.8 | 2 | 0.3 | 191 | 29.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 37 | 5.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 426 | 64.9 | 0 | 0.0 |
I. Marine and fresh water animals | 446 | 57 | 12.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 202 | 45.3 | 187 | 41.9 | 57 | 12.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 13 | 2.9 | 189 | 42.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 187 | 41.9 |
J. Fruit and fruit juices | 1056 | 543 | 51.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 213 | 20.2 | 300 | 28.4 | 155 | 14.7 | 138 | 13.1 | 293 | 27.7 | 196 | 18.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 274 | 25.9 |
K. Legumes | 188 | 92 | 48.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 91 | 48.4 | 5 | 2.7 | 79 | 42.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 32 | 17.0 | 72 | 38.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 5 | 2.7 |
L. Meat, products and substitutes | 960 | 31 | 3.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 93 | 9.7 | 836 | 87.1 | 30 | 3.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 130 | 13.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 800 | 83.3 |
M. Miscellaneous category | 550 | 29 | 5.3 | 101 | 18.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 420 | 76.4 | 11 | 2.0 | 53 | 9.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 74 | 13.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 197 | 35.8 | 215 | 39.1 |
N. Combination dishes | 1130 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1130 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1130 | 100.0 |
O. Nuts and seeds | 255 | 148 | 58.0 | 48 | 18.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 59 | 23.1 | 143 | 56.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 43 | 16.9 | 48 | 18.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 21 | 8.2 |
P. Potatoes, sweet potatoes and yams | 132 | 14 | 10.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 15 | 11.4 | 103 | 78.0 | 14 | 10.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 1.5 | 40 | 30.3 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 76 | 57.6 |
Q. Salads | 129 | 2 | 1.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 14 | 10.9 | 113 | 87.6 | 2 | 1.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 126 | 97.7 |
R. Sauces/dips/gravies/condiments | 1239 | 0 | 0.0 | 36 | 2.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 1203 | 97.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1239 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
S. Snacks | 861 | 10 | 1.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 132 | 15.3 | 719 | 83.5 | 10 | 1.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 359 | 41.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 492 | 57.1 |
T. Soups | 480 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 480 | 100.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 480 | 100.0 |
U. Sugars and sweets | 1106 | 6 | 0.5 | 117 | 10.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 983 | 88.9 | 43 | 3.9 | 69 | 6.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 179 | 16.2 | 0 | 0.0 | 219 | 19.8 | 596 | 53.9 |
V. Vegetables | 866 | 233 | 26.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 491 | 56.7 | 142 | 16.4 | 213 | 24.6 | 26 | 3.0 | 58 | 6.7 | 434 | 50.1 | 0 | 0.0 | 15 | 1.7 | 120 | 13.9 |
Nutritional Composition per 100 g/mL | NOVA | Poti et al. | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
U/MP 2 | PCI 3 | P 4 | UP 5 | U/MP 2 | BPI 6 | PBP 7 | MPF 8 | MPG 9 | HPI 10 | HPS 11 | ||
Calories (kcal) | Mean (SD) | 215 (188) | 521 (291) | 219 (177) | 254 (172) | 226 (218) | 391 (326) | 216 (173) | 247 (193) | 320 (75) | 228 (183) | 260 (166) |
Min | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 200 | 0 | 0 | |
25th | 48 | 300 | 64 | 100 | 41 | 48 | 48 | 80 | 250 | 80 | 110 | |
Median | 138 | 600 | 186 | 240 | 132 | 360 | 167 | 200 | 316 | 200 | 255 | |
75th | 356 | 800 | 350 | 400 | 360 | 800 | 356 | 376 | 367 | 333 | 400 | |
Max | 760 | 1382 | 1060 | 1163 | 900 | 942 | 1382 | 1060 | 533 | 1163 | 670 | |
Sodium (mg) | Mean (SD) | 26 (83) | 2013 (6203) | 521 (744) | 477 (1070) | 34 (101) | 550 (3839) | 20 (65) | 668 (2329) | 288 (213) | 1105 (2290) | 360 (346) |
Min | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
25th | 0 | 0 | 100 | 73 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 40 | 33 | 224 | 95 | |
Median | 5 | 0 | 365 | 304 | 6 | 0 | 4 | 230 | 300 | 500 | 296 | |
75th | 24 | 13 | 679 | 533 | 38 | 8 | 14 | 600 | 460 | 933 | 492 | |
Max | 2100 | 40,000 | 8796 | 33,000 | 2100 | 40,000 | 1067 | 36,000 | 667 | 33,000 | 3,378 | |
Saturated fat (g) | Mean (SD) | 1 (3) | 12 (21) | 5 (7) | 4 (6) | 2 (4) | 9 (19) | 1 (3) | 5 (8) | 1 (1) | 3 (5) | 4 (6) |
Min | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
25th | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Median | 0 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | |
75th | 1 | 15 | 9 | 5 | 2 | 10 | 0 | 7 | 1 | 3 | 6 | |
Max | 57 | 100 | 48 | 94 | 60 | 100 | 57 | 94 | 5 | 50 | 50 | |
Total sugars (g) | Mean (SD) | 5 (10) | 21 (36) | 5 (13) | 14 (18) | 8 (19) | 13 (29) | 5 (5) | 10 (19) | 3 (5) | 17 (23) | 12 (15) |
Min | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
25th | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
Median | 2 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 7 | 5 | |
75th | 7 | 25 | 4 | 20 | 5 | 9 | 9 | 11 | 4 | 27 | 19 | |
Max | 81 | 114 | 88 | 260 | 90 | 114 | 22 | 111 | 22 | 260 | 100 | |
Free sugars (g) 1 | Mean (SD) | 2 (6) | 19 (36) | 2 (8) | 12 (17) | 3 (16) | 13 (29) | 2 (4) | 7 (15) | 1 (3) | 15 (22) | 11 (15) |
Min | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
25th | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Median | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 3 | |
75th | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 9 | 3 | 7 | 0 | 21 | 15 | |
Max | 81 | 114 | 87 | 143 | 90 | 114 | 16 | 111 | 17 | 143 | 100 | |
Fibre (g) | Mean (SD) | 4 (6) | 2 (7) | 2 (3) | 2 (3) | 6 (8) | 2 (5) | 2 (3) | 2 (4) | 9 (6) | 1 (4) | 2 (3) |
Min | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
25th | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
Median | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 1 | |
75th | 6 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 8 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 13 | 2 | 3 | |
Max | 100 | 90 | 40 | 43 | 100 | 50 | 40 | 40 | 27 | 90 | 43 | |
Protein (g) | Mean (SD) | 8 (8) | 4 (9) | 12 (10) | 6 (7) | 9 (9) | 3 (7) | 7 (7) | 10 (10) | 10 (3) | 2 (3) | 7 (7) |
Min | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
25th | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 9 | 0 | 3 | |
Median | 7 | 0 | 9 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 7 | 6 | 10 | 1 | 6 | |
75th | 13 | 1 | 21 | 9 | 16 | 1 | 13 | 18 | 12 | 3 | 10 | |
Max | 77 | 67 | 64 | 50 | 57 | 67 | 77 | 64 | 20 | 33 | 50 |
NOVA | Poti et al. | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nutrient/Component | Unprocessed/Minimally Processed | Processed Culinary Ingredients | Processed Foods | Ultra-Processed 3 | Unprocessed/Minimally Processed | Basic Processed | Moderately Processed | Highly Processed 3 | |
Calories (kcal) | β | 16.51 | −3.87 | 13.14 | Reference | 13.24 | 20.35 | 6.78 | Reference |
95% CI | 12.27, 20.76 | −23.14, 15.39 | 8.57–17.72 | - | 6.45, 20.02 | 14.55, 26.15 | 2.15, 11.42 | - | |
p-value | <0.001 | 0.69 | <0.001 | - | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.004 | - | |
Sodium (mg) | β | −137.67 | 1071.13 | 10.16 | Reference | −73.06 | 121.08 | 115.52 | Reference |
95% CI | −156.89, −118.44 | 401.21, 1741.06 | −27.81, 48.14 | - | −140.94, −5.19 | −44.85, 287.01 | 16.62, 214.41 | - | |
p-value | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.60 | - | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.02 | - | |
Saturated fat (g) | β | 0.16 | 5.61 | 0.80 | Reference | 0.80 | 1.77 | 1.06 | Reference |
95% CI | −0.03, 0.35 | 4.02, 7.21 | 0.57, 1.02 | - | 0.51, 1.09 | 1.25, 2.30 | 0.80, 1.32 | - | |
p-value | 0.10 | <0.001 | <0.001 | - | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | - | |
Total sugars (g) | β | −3.41 | −0.15 | −2.63 | Reference | −2.53 | −2.41 | −1.22 | Reference |
95% CI | −3.85, −2.97 | −2.88, 2.59 | −3.12, −2.13 | - | −3.27, −1.78 | −3.14, −1.68 | −1.86, −0.59 | - | |
p-value | <0.001 | 0.92 | <0.001 | - | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | - | |
Free sugars (g) 2 | β | −4.18 | −2.68 | −1.66 | Reference | −4.01 | −2.41 | −0.94 | Reference |
95% CI | −4.58, −3.78 | −5.26, −0.08 | −2.18, −1.14 | - | −4.75, −3.27 | −3.12, −1.70 | −1.51, −0.36 | - | |
p-value | <0.001 | 0.04 | <0.001 | - | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | - | |
Fibre (g) | β | 1.13 | −0.15 | −0.67 | Reference | 2.42 | 0.19 | 0.50 | Reference |
95% CI | 0.91, 1.34 | −0.87, 0.57 | −0.85, −0.49 | - | 2.04, 2.81 | −0.08, 0.47 | 0.30, 0.69 | - | |
p-value | <0.001 | 0.69 | <0.001 | - | <0.001 | 0.17 | <0.001 | - | |
Protein (g) | β | 2.39 | −0.28 | 1.77 | Reference | 3.64 | 1.32 | 1.54 | Reference |
95% CI | 2.16, 2.62 | −1.03, 0.46 | 1.44, 2.10 | - | 3.28, 3.99 | 1.06, 1.58 | 1.27, 1.81 | - | |
p-value | <0.001 | 0.47 | <0.001 | - | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | - |
NOVA | Poti et al. | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food Category 1 | Nutritional Composition per 100 g/mL | U/MP 2 | PCI 3 | P 4 | UP 5 | U/MP 2 | BPI 6 | PBP 7 | MPF 8 | MPG 9 | HPI 10 | HPS 11 | |
A. Bakery products | n | 0 | 0 | 146 | 2625 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 51 | 0 | 2720 | |
Median (IQR) 12 | Calories (kcal) | - | - | 264 (59) | 400 (151) | - | - | - | - | 280 (122) | - | 400 (153) | |
Sodium (mg) | - | - | 500 (190) | 338 (269) | - | - | - | - | 400 (277) | - | 347 (268) | ||
Saturated fat (g) | - | - | 1 (1) | 4 (7) | - | - | - | - | 0 (1) | - | 3 (7) | ||
Total sugars (g) 13 | - | - | 2 (4) | 18 (26) | - | - | - | - | 0 (3) | - | 17 (25) | ||
Free sugars (g) | - | - | 0 (0) | 12 (25) | - | - | - | - | 0 (0) | - | 12 (25) | ||
Fibre (g) | - | - | 2 (2) | 3 (4) | - | - | - | - | 8 (7) | - | 3 (4) | ||
Protein (g) | - | - | 9 (2) | 7 (5) | - | - | - | 10 (2) | - | 7 (5) | |||
B. Beverages | n | 101 | 1 | 6 | 732 | 82 | 20 | 4 | 26 | 0 | 1 | 707 | |
Median (IQR) 12 | Calories (kcal) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 22 (41) | 0 (0) | 18 (19) | 0 (5) | 26 (22) | - | 0 (0) | 22 (42) | |
Sodium (mg) | 0 (3) | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 6 (18) | 0 (1) | 20 (14) | 7 (11) | 4 (14) | - | 0 (0) | 6 (18) | ||
Saturated fat (g) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
Total sugars (g) 13 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 5 (10) | 0 (0) | 3 (4) | 0 (1) | 5 (7) | - | 0 (0) | 5 (10) | ||
Free sugars (g) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 5 (10) | 0 (0) | 3 (4) | 0 (1) | 5 (7) | - | 0 (0) | 5 (10) | ||
Fibre (g) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
Protein (g) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
C. Cereals and other grain products | n | 734 | 8 | 23 | 510 | 145 | 83 | 446 | 140 | 16 | 4 | 441 | |
Median (IQR) 12 | Calories (kcal) | 356 (14) | 342 (43) | 357 (63) | 367 (89) | 375 (38) | 358 (17) | 356 (12) | 365 (24) | 362 (26) | 310 (119) | 367 (113) | |
Sodium (mg) | 0 (10) | 0 (0) | 62 (276) | 322 (327) | 0 (11) | 0 (2) | 0 (6) | 65 (334) | 0 (33) | 1083 (2347) | 322 (362) | ||
Saturated fat (g) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (2) | 1 (2) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 0 (2) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | ||
Total sugars (g) 13 | 2 (2) | 0 (0) | 1 (5) | 15 (21) | 0 (2) | 1 (3) | 2 (2) | 4 (19) | 0 (9) | 0 (7) | 11 (20) | ||
Free sugars (g) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 11 (19) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (19) | 0 (0) | 0 (7) | 7 (18) | ||
Fibre (g) | 4 (7) | 0 (19) | 4 (14) | 6 (7) | 10 (7) | 8 (6) | 4 (2) | 6 (6) | 12 (5) | 39 (81) | 5 (6) | ||
Protein (g) | 13 (5) | 0 (0) | 12 (5) | 9 (4) | 13 (6) | 13 (7) | 13 (6) | 12 (4) | 12 (2) | 0 (0) | 9 (4) | ||
D. Dairy products and substitutes | n | 143 | 0 | 407 | 945 | 59 | 0 | 98 | 821 | 0 | 66 | 451 | |
Median (IQR) 12 | Calories (kcal) | 57 (22) | - | 367 (100) | 104 (211) | 52 (22) | - | 67 (44) | 147 (281) | - | 232 (142) | 267 (257) | |
Sodium (mg) | 48 (11) | - | 667 (267) | 63 (589) | 46 (9) | - | 50 (24) | 72 (622) | - | 33 (75) | 667 (539) | ||
Saturated fat (g) | 1 (2) | - | 17 (7) | 2 (12) | 1 (1) | - | 1 (3) | 5 (16) | - | 7 (10) | 12 (15) | ||
Total sugars (g) 13 | 4 (2) | - | 0 (0) | 7 (11) | 5 (0) | - | 3 (3) | 3 (11) | - | 7 (27) | 0 (5) | ||
Free sugars (g) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | 2 (8) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | 0 (8) | - | 4 (29) | 0 (0) | ||
Fibre (g) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
Protein (g) | 4 (2) | - | 23 (7) | 6 (10) | 4 (0) | - | 4 (3) | 9 (19) | - | 1 (1) | 14 (17) | ||
E. Desserts | n | 0 | 0 | 0 | 679 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 679 | |
Median (IQR) 12 | Calories (kcal) | - | - | - | 120 (73) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 120 (73) | |
Sodium (mg) | - | - | - | 52 (47) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 52 (47) | ||
Saturated fat (g) | - | - | - | 3 (4) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3 (4) | ||
Total sugars (g) 13 | - | - | - | 14 (6) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 14 (6) | ||
Free sugars (g) | - | - | - | 11 (7) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 11 (7) | ||
Fibre (g) | - | - | - | 0 (1) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 (1) | ||
Protein (g) | - | - | - | 2 (2) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 (2) | ||
F. Dessert toppings and fillings | n | 0 | 0 | 0 | 94 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 94 | 0 | |
Median (IQR) 12 | Calories (kcal) | - | - | - | 326 (239) | - | - | - | - | - | 326 (239) | - | |
Sodium (mg) | - | - | - | 96 (190) | - | - | - | - | - | 96 (190) | - | ||
Saturated fat (g) | - | - | - | 0 (4) | - | - | - | - | - | 0 (4) | - | ||
Total sugars (g) 13 | - | - | - | 49 (34) | - | - | - | - | - | 49 (34) | - | ||
Free sugars (g) | - | - | - | 48 (43) | - | - | - | - | - | 48 (43) | - | ||
Fibre (g) | - | - | - | 0 (1) | - | - | - | - | - | 0 (1) | - | ||
Protein (g) | - | - | - | 0 (1) | - | - | - | - | - | 0 (1) | - | ||
G. Eggs and egg substitutes | n | 52 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 44 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | |
Median (IQR) 12 | Calories (kcal) | 132 (6) | - | - | 127 (71) | 132 (6) | 48 (1) | - | - | - | - | 127 (71) | |
Sodium (mg) | 123 (8) | - | - | 317 (79) | 123 (7) | 159 (9) | - | - | - | - | 317 (79) | ||
Saturated fat (g) | 3 (0) | - | - | 2 (3) | 3 (1) | 0 (0) | - | - | - | - | 2 (3) | ||
Total sugars (g) 13 | 0 (0) | - | - | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | - | - | - | 0 (0) | ||
Free sugars (g) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | - | - | - | 0 (0) | ||||
Fibre (g) | 0 (0) | - | - | 2 (2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | - | - | - | 2 (2) | ||
Protein (g) | 11 (1) | - | - | 11 (1) | 11 (1) | 11 (0) | - | - | - | - | 11 (1) | ||
H. Fats and oils | n | 0 | 231 | 0 | 425 | 2 | 191 | 0 | 37 | 0 | 426 | 0 | |
Median (IQR) 12 | Calories (kcal) | - | 800 (0) | - | 367 (300) | 900 (0) | 800 (0) | - | 700 (100) | - | 381 (300) | - | |
Sodium (mg) | - | 0 (0) | - | 733 (300) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (700) | - | 733 (296) | - | ||
Saturated fat (g) | - | 15 (33) | - | 3 (5) | 60 (0) | 15 (10) | - | 35 (35) | - | 3 (5) | - | ||
Total sugars (g) 13 | - | 0 (0) | - | 7 (7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | - | 7 (7) | - | ||
Free sugars (g) | - | 0 (0) | - | 6 (7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | - | 6 (7) | - | ||
Fibre (g) | - | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | - | ||
Protein (g) | - | 0 (0) | - | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (1) | - | 1 (1) | - | ||
I. Marine and fresh water animals | n | 57 | 0 | 202 | 187 | 57 | 0 | 13 | 189 | 0 | 0 | 187 | |
Median (IQR) 12 | Calories (kcal) | 82 (33) | - | 144 (90) | 164 (110) | 82 (33) | - | 123 (34) | 145 (96) | - | - | 164 (110) | |
Sodium (mg) | 124 (143) | - | 372 (249) | 400 (190) | 124 (143) | - | 80 (41) | 382 (261) | - | - | 400 (185) | ||
Saturated fat (g) | 0 (1) | - | 1 (2) | 1 (1) | 0 (1) | - | 1 (1) | 1 (2) | - | - | 1 (1) | ||
Total sugars (g) 13 | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | 2 (3) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | - | 2 (3) | ||
Free sugars (g) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | 2 (3) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | - | 2 (3) | ||
Fibre (g) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | - | 1 (1) | ||
Protein (g) | 18 (4) | - | 21 (6) | 12 (6) | 18 (4) | - | 24 (6) | 20 (6) | - | - | 12 (6) | ||
J. Fruit and fruit juices | n | 543 | 0 | 213 | 300 | 155 | 138 | 293 | 196 | 0 | 0 | 274 | |
Median (IQR) 12 | Calories (kcal) | 48 (13) | - | 72 (265) | 48 (12) | 57 (226) | 48 (4) | 48 (10) | 80 (261) | - | - | 48 (13) | |
Sodium (mg) | 4 (9) | - | 5 (18) | 6 (10) | 0 (8) | 4 (8) | 6 (8) | 5 (24) | - | - | 6 (10) | ||
Saturated fat (g) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | - | 0 (0) | ||
Total sugars (g) 13 | 10 (3) | - | 15 (50) | 11 (4) | 10 (30) | 9 (2) | 10 (3) | 16 (52) | - | - | 11 (4) | ||
Free sugars (g) | 8 (10) | - | 8 (13) | 10 (4) | 0 (0) | 9 (2) | 10 (5) | 9 (14) | - | - | 10 (4) | ||
Fibre (g) | 0 (2) | - | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 3 (5) | 0 (0) | 0 (1) | 2 (3) | - | - | 0 (0) | ||
Protein (g) | 0 (1) | - | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | 0 (1) | 0 (1) | 0 (1) | - | - | 0 (0) | ||
K. Legumes | n | 92 | 0 | 91 | 5 | 79 | 0 | 32 | 72 | 0 | 0 | 5 | |
Median (IQR) 12 | Calories (kcal) | 337 (217) | - | 80 (24) | 73 (0) | 340 (45) | - | 88 (45) | 80 (22) | - | - | 73 (0) | |
Sodium (mg) | 5 (10) | - | 96 (153) | 3 (0) | 5 (10) | - | 4 (12) | 110 (137) | - | - | 3 (0) | ||
Saturated fat (g) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (1) | 0 (0) | - | - | 0 (0) | ||
Total sugars (g) 13 | 2 (1) | - | 0 (1) | 11 (1) | 2 (1) | - | 0 (0) | 0 (1) | - | - | 11 (1) | ||
Free sugars (g) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | 11 (1) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | - | 11 (1) | ||
Fibre (g) | 16 (16) | - | 4 (2) | 0 (0) | 17 (11) | - | 3 (3) | 4 (2) | - | - | 0 (0) | ||
Protein (g) | 22 (10) | - | 5 (1) | 3 (0) | 22 (5) | - | 6 (5) | 5 (1) | - | - | 3 (0) | ||
L. Meat, poultry, their products and substitutes | n | 31 | 0 | 93 | 836 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 130 | 0 | 0 | 800 | |
Median (IQR) 12 | Calories (kcal) | 190 (91) | - | 240 (245) | 214 (120) | 199 (91) | - | - | 242 (209) | - | - | 212 (123) | |
Sodium (mg) | 60 (16) | - | 635 (445) | 653 (442) | 60 (15) | - | - | 457 (423) | - | - | 676 (428) | ||
Saturated fat (g) | 4 (4) | - | 6 (11) | 3 (7) | 5 (4) | - | - | 7 (8) | - | - | 3 (7) | ||
Total sugars (g) 13 | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | - | - | 0 (0) | - | - | 1 (3) | ||
Free sugars (g) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | 0 (2) | 0 (0) | - | - | 0 (0) | - | - | 1 (2) | ||
Fibre (g) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | 0 (1) | 0 (0) | - | - | 0 (0) | - | - | 0 (1) | ||
Protein (g) | 19 (3) | - | 18 (9) | 16 (7) | 19 (2) | - | - | 17 (6) | - | - | 16 (7) | ||
M. Miscellaneous category 14 | n | 29 | 101 | 0 | 420 | 11 | 53 | 0 | 74 | 0 | 197 | 215 | |
Median (IQR) 12 | Calories (kcal) | 117 (121) | 200 (300) | - | 308 (151) | 0 (250) | 167 (400) | - | 200 (300) | - | 333 (161) | 295 (149) | |
Sodium (mg) | 12 (19) | 9500 (15,867) | - | 398 (2731) | 0 (0) | 27 (7488) | - | 9500 (12,395) | - | 3333 (6600) | 336 (133) | ||
Saturated fat (g) | 5 (13) | 0 (0) | - | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | 5 (14) | - | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | 3 (4) | ||
Total sugars (g) 13 | 0 (2) | 0 (0) | - | 14 (26) | 0 (0) | 0 (2) | - | 0 (0) | - | 3 (17) | 20 (22) | ||
Free sugars (g) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | 12 (25) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | - | 0 (16) | 20 (26) | ||
Fibre (g) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | 1 (3) | 0 (10) | 0 (7) | - | 0 (0) | - | 0 (3) | 1 (3) | ||
Protein (g) | 1 (2) | 3 (11) | - | 5 (7) | 10 (20) | 1 (8) | - | 1 (10) | - | 8 (8) | 4 (2) | ||
N. Combination dishes | n | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1130 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1130 | |
Median (IQR) 12 | Calories (kcal) | - | - | - | 163 (112) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 163 (112) | |
Sodium (mg) | - | - | - | 333 (198) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 333 (198) | ||
Saturated fat (g) | - | - | - | 2 (3) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 (3) | ||
Total sugars (g) 13 | - | - | - | 2 (2) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 (2) | ||
Free sugars (g) | - | - | - | 1 (3) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 (3) | ||
Fibre (g) | - | - | - | 1 (1) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 (1) | ||
Protein (g) | - | - | - | 7 (4) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 7 (4) | ||
O. Nuts and seeds | n | 148 | 48 | 0 | 59 | 143 | 0 | 43 | 48 | 0 | 0 | 21 | |
Median (IQR) 12 | Calories (kcal) | 650 (117) | 625 (36) | - | 588 (69) | 650 (100) | - | 625 (43) | 600 (48) | - | - | 531 (143) | |
Sodium (mg) | 0 (8) | 0 (33) | - | 300 (151) | 0 (8) | - | 0 (31) | 306 (116) | - | - | 109 (218) | ||
Saturated fat (g) | 6 (4) | 7 (1) | - | 8 (4) | 6 (4) | - | 7 (2) | 8 (3) | - | - | 6 (4) | ||
Total sugars (g) 13 | 3 (2) | 6 (4) | - | 11 (14) | 3 (2) | - | 7 (2) | 7 (3) | - | - | 25 (21) | ||
Free sugars (g) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | 7 (16) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | 2 (5) | - | - | 23 (23) | ||
Fibre (g) | 8 (5) | 7 (0) | - | 7 (1) | 8 (5) | - | 7 (3) | 7 (0) | - | - | 6 (3) | ||
Protein (g) | 20 (8) | 25 (8) | - | 19 (6) | 20 (7) | - | 25 (7) | 20 (5) | - | - | 15 (6) | ||
P. Potatoes, sweet potatoes and yams | n | 14 | 0 | 15 | 103 | 14 | 0 | 2 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 76 | |
Median (IQR) 12 | Calories (kcal) | 68 (13) | - | 56 (36) | 141 (59) | 68 (13) | - | 120 (0) | 129 (54) | - | - | 153 (79) | |
Sodium (mg) | 12 (17) | - | 112 (96) | 290 (187) | 12 (17) | - | 75 (0) | 112 (124) | - | - | 327 (124) | ||
Saturated fat (g) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | - | 1 (1) | ||
Total sugars (g) 13 | 1 (1) | - | 0 (6) | 0 (1) | 1 (1) | - | 22 (0) | 0 (0) | - | - | 1 (2) | ||
Free sugars (g) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | - | 0 (1) | ||
Fibre (g) | 2 (1) | - | 2 (1) | 2 (1) | 2 (1) | - | 2 (0) | 2 (1) | - | - | 2 (1) | ||
Protein (g) | 2 (0) | - | 1 (1) | 2 (0) | 2 (0) | - | 1 (0) | 2 (1) | - | - | 2 (1) | ||
Q. Salads | n | 2 | 0 | 14 | 113 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 126 | |
Median (IQR) 12 | Calories (kcal) | 42 (18) | - | 127 (27) | 141 (84) | 42 (18) | - | - | 106 (0) | - | - | 140 (81) | |
Sodium (mg) | 61 (51) | - | 310 (167) | 270 (213) | 61 (51) | - | - | 3 (0) | - | - | 274 (213) | ||
Saturated fat (g) | 0 (0) | - | 1 (1) | 2 (1) | 0 (0) | - | - | 0 (0) | - | - | 2 (1) | ||
Total sugars (g) 13 | 1 (0) | - | 4 (6) | 3 (3) | 1 (0) | - | - | 8 (0) | - | - | 3 (3) | ||
Free sugars (g) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (5) | 1 (4) | 0 (0) | - | - | 6 (0) | - | - | 1 (4) | ||
Fibre (g) | 2 (0) | - | 2 (3) | 2 (1) | 2 (0) | - | - | 2 (0) | - | - | 2 (1) | ||
Protein (g) | 3 (0) | - | 4 (4) | 4 (4) | 3 (0) | - | - | 2 (0) | - | - | 4 (4) | ||
R. Sauces, dips, gravies and condiments | n | 0 | 36 | 0 | 1203 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1239 | 0 | |
Median (IQR) 12 | Calories (kcal) | - | 100 (167) | - | 117 (144) | - | - | - | - | - | 117 (144) | - | |
Sodium (mg) | - | 0 (5) | - | 533 (758) | - | - | - | - | - | 517 (750) | - | ||
Saturated fat (g) | - | 0 (0) | - | 0 (2) | - | - | - | - | - | 0 (1) | - | ||
Total sugars (g) 13 | - | 20 (33) | - | 5 (18) | - | - | - | - | - | 6 (18) | - | ||
Free sugars (g) | - | 0 (0) | - | 2 (19) | - | - | - | - | - | 2 (16) | - | ||
Fibre (g) | - | 0 (0) | - | 0 (2) | - | - | - | - | - | 0 (2) | - | ||
Protein (g) | - | 0 (1) | - | 2 (3) | - | - | - | - | - | 2 (3) | - | ||
S. Snacks | n | 10 | 0 | 132 | 719 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 359 | 0 | 0 | 492 | |
Median (IQR) 12 | Calories (kcal) | 380 (97) | - | 633 (60) | 500 (80) | 380 (97) | - | - | 540 (125) | - | - | 500 (69) | |
Sodium (mg) | 5 (13) | - | 185 (308) | 560 (423) | 5 (13) | - | - | 340 (401) | - | - | 620 (427) | ||
Saturated fat (g) | 1 (3) | - | 8 (4) | 3 (4) | 1 (3) | - | - | 5 (6) | - | - | 3 (4) | ||
Total sugars (g) 13 | 0 (19) | - | 6 (2) | 4 (6) | 0 (19) | - | - | 4 (6) | - | - | 4 (4) | ||
Free sugars (g) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 0 (0) | - | - | 0 (0) | - | - | 2 (5) | ||
Fibre (g) | 14 (6) | - | 7 (4) | 4 (4) | 14 (6) | - | - | 7 (5) | - | - | 4 (2) | ||
Protein (g) | 10 (2) | - | 20 (4) | 8 (6) | 10 (2) | - | - | 10 (3) | - | - | 7 (7) | ||
T. Soups | n | 0 | 0 | 0 | 480 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 480 | |
Median (IQR) 12 | Calories (kcal) | - | - | - | 40 (54) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 40 (54) | |
Sodium (mg) | - | - | - | 260 (101) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 260 (101) | ||
Saturated fat (g) | - | - | - | 0 (1) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 (1) | ||
Total sugars (g) 13 | - | - | - | 1 (1) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 (1) | ||
Free sugars (g) | - | - | - | 0 (1) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 (1) | ||
Fibre (g) | - | - | - | 0 (1) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 (1) | ||
Protein (g) | - | - | - | 1 (1) | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 (1) | ||
U. Sugars and sweets | n | 6 | 117 | 0 | 983 | 43 | 69 | 0 | 179 | 0 | 219 | 596 | |
Median (IQR) 12 | Calories (kcal) | 300 (0) | 350 (75) | - | 389 (199) | 300 (0) | 375 (25) | - | 300 (133) | - | 333 (267) | 477 (189) | |
Sodium (mg) | 0 (0) | 0 (2) | - | 38 (90) | 0 (0) | 0 (2) | - | 0 (27) | - | 7 (73) | 66 (90) | ||
Saturated fat (g) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | 1 (17) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | - | 0 (11) | 13 (20) | ||
Total sugars (g) 13 | 80 (0) | 83 (20) | - | 52 (21) | 80 (0) | 100 (17) | - | 60 (20) | - | 53 (37) | 49 (16) | ||
Free sugars (g) | 80 (0) | 83 (20) | - | 48 (23) | 80 (0) | 100 (17) | - | 43 (25) | - | 50 (43) | 48 (18) | ||
Fibre (g) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | 2 (5) | ||
Protein (g) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | 3 (7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | 1 (1) | - | 0 (5) | 5 (5) | ||
V. Vegetables | n | 233 | 0 | 491 | 142 | 213 | 26 | 58 | 434 | 0 | 15 | 120 | |
Median (IQR) 12 | Calories (kcal) | 35 (21) | - | 32 (63) | 28 (83) | 35 (23) | 28 (18) | 26 (28) | 33 (80) | - | 100 (17) | 24 (59) | |
Sodium (mg) | 24 (41) | - | 240 (832) | 500 (649) | 24 (43) | 38 (47) | 8 (13) | 296 (868) | - | 633 (400) | 515 (652) | ||
Saturated fat (g) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
Total sugars (g) 13 | 2 (2) | - | 2 (3) | 3 (13) | 2 (2) | 4 (4) | 2 (2) | 2 (3) | - | 20 (3) | 3 (9) | ||
Free sugars (g) | 0 (0) | - | 0 (0) | 0 (12) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - | 19 (4) | 0 (9) | ||
Fibre (g) | 2 (2) | - | 2 (2) | 0 (1) | 2 (2) | 1 (1) | 2 (1) | 2 (3) | - | 0 (0) | 0 (1) | ||
Protein (g) | 2 (2) | - | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 2 (2) | 1 (1) | 1 (1) | 1 (2) | - | 1 (0) | 0 (1) |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Vergeer, L.; Veira, P.; Bernstein, J.T.; Weippert, M.; L’Abbé, M.R. The Calorie and Nutrient Density of More- Versus Less-Processed Packaged Food and Beverage Products in the Canadian Food Supply. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2782. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112782
Vergeer L, Veira P, Bernstein JT, Weippert M, L’Abbé MR. The Calorie and Nutrient Density of More- Versus Less-Processed Packaged Food and Beverage Products in the Canadian Food Supply. Nutrients. 2019; 11(11):2782. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112782
Chicago/Turabian StyleVergeer, Laura, Paige Veira, Jodi T. Bernstein, Madyson Weippert, and Mary R. L’Abbé. 2019. "The Calorie and Nutrient Density of More- Versus Less-Processed Packaged Food and Beverage Products in the Canadian Food Supply" Nutrients 11, no. 11: 2782. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112782