Older Adults’ Awareness and Knowledge of Beans in Relation to Their Nutrient Content and Role in Chronic Disease Risk
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Study Design
2.2. Phase One: Study Questionnaire
2.3. Phase Two: Focus Groups
2.4. Data and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics and Bean Consumption
3.2. Awareness of the Nutrient Content of Beans
3.3. Awareness of the Relation of Beans to Health and Disease Risk
3.4. Awareness of Beans in Relation to Dietary Guidance
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bean Consumers b (n = 128) | Bean Non-Consumers c (n = 122) | |
---|---|---|
Sex | ||
Female | 98 (76.6) | 92 (75.4) |
Male | 30 (23.4) | 30 (24.6) |
Age (years) | ||
65–70 | 40 (31.3) | 35 (28.7) |
71–75 | 36 (28.1) | 28 (22.9) |
76–80 | 29 (22.7) | 33 (27.1) |
81–85 | 15 (11.7) | 17 (13.9) |
86 + | 8 (6.3) | 9 (7.4) |
Ethnicity | ||
White/European | 124 (96.9) | 120 (98.4) |
Non-White/Non-European d | 4 (3.1) | 2 (1.6) |
Marital Status | ||
Married/Common-Law | 69 (53.9) | 63 (51.6) |
Divorced/Separated | 21 (16.4) | 20 (16.4) |
Widowed | 31 (24.2) | 34 (27.9) |
Single | 7 (5.5) | 5 (4.1) |
Education | ||
Some high school | 9 (7.0) | 12 (9.8) |
High school graduate | 16 (12.5) | 21 (17.2) |
Some college or university | 27 (21.1) | 25 (20.5) |
College or university graduate | 57 (44.5) | 39 (32.0) |
Graduate/professional degree | 19 (14.8) | 25 (20.5) |
Employment Status | ||
Employed | 10 (7.8) | 6 (4.9) |
Retired | 118 (92.2) | 116 (95.1) |
Annual Household Income (Canadian $) | ||
˂$25,000 | 18 (14.1) | 19 (15.6) |
$25,000–$49,999.99 | 43 (33.6) | 34 (27.9) |
$50,000–$74,999.99 | 24 (18.8) | 25 (20.5) |
$75,000–$99,999.99 | 21 (16.4) | 25 (20.5) |
$100,000+ | 11 (8.6) | 9 (7.4) |
Number of Diagnosed Health Conditions (mean ± SE) | 3.6 ± 0.2 | 3.5 ± 0.2 |
Number of Prescription Medications (mean ± SE) | 2.7 ± 0.2 | 2.4 ± 0.2 |
Number of Natural Health Products (mean ± SE) | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 2.6 ± 0.2 |
Variables | OR d | 95% CI e | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Total fat | |||
Bean consumption status f,g | |||
(bean consumers vs. bean non-consumers) | 2.49 | 1.17–5.31 | 0.02 |
Education g,h | |||
(university/college graduate or more vs. high school or less) | 1.09 | 0.52–2.29 | 0.82 |
Interest in overall health f,h,i | |||
(very interested vs. somewhat interested) | 1.06 | 0.22–5.15 | 0.94 |
Saturated and trans fat | |||
Bean consumption status g | |||
(bean consumers vs. bean non-consumers) | 3.28 | 0.99–10.84 | 0.052 |
Interest in overall health h,i | |||
(very interested vs. somewhat interested) | 1.48 | 0.17–12.65 | 0.72 |
Cholesterol | |||
Bean consumption status f,g | |||
(bean consumers vs. bean non-consumers) | 3.19 | 1.39–7.33 | 0.006 |
Education g,h | |||
(university/college graduate or more vs. high school or less) | 1.90 | 0.87–4.14 | 0.11 |
Interest in overall health f,h,i | |||
(very interested vs. somewhat interested) | 1.22 | 0.24–6.20 | 0.81 |
Iron | |||
Sex g | |||
(female vs. male) | 2.22 | 1.07–4.62 | 0.03 |
Interest in overall health i,j | |||
(very interested vs. somewhat interested) | 1.96 | 0.49–7.92 | 0.34 |
Variables | OR b | 95% CI c | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Body Weight Management | |||
Bean consumption status d,e | |||
(bean consumers vs. bean non-consumers) | 2.89 | 1.30–6.44 | 0.009 |
Education e,f | |||
(university/college graduate or more vs. high school or less) | 2.26 | 1.05–4.84 | 0.04 |
Number of natural health products d,f | |||
(˂3 vs. ≥3) | 0.42 | 0.19–0.94 | 0.04 |
Constipation | |||
Interest in overall health f,g,h | |||
(very interested vs. somewhat interested) | 7.31 | 2.08–25.65 | 0.002 |
Number of diagnosed health conditions f,i | |||
(<3 vs. ≥3) | 4.67 | 0.97–22.44 | 0.054 |
Bean consumption status h,i | |||
(bean consumers vs. bean non-consumers) | 3.76 | 1.10–12.93 | 0.04 |
Diabetes | |||
Marital status | |||
(married/common-law vs. single j) | 1.97 | 1.06–3.65 | 0.03 |
Heart Disease | |||
Number of natural health products | |||
(˂3 vs. ≥3) | 0.32 | 0.15–0.71 | 0.005 |
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Doma, K.M.; Farrell, E.L.; Leith-Bailey, E.R.; Soucier, V.D.; Duncan, A.M. Older Adults’ Awareness and Knowledge of Beans in Relation to Their Nutrient Content and Role in Chronic Disease Risk. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2680. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112680
Doma KM, Farrell EL, Leith-Bailey ER, Soucier VD, Duncan AM. Older Adults’ Awareness and Knowledge of Beans in Relation to Their Nutrient Content and Role in Chronic Disease Risk. Nutrients. 2019; 11(11):2680. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112680
Chicago/Turabian StyleDoma, Katarina M., Emily L. Farrell, Erin R. Leith-Bailey, Victoria D. Soucier, and Alison M. Duncan. 2019. "Older Adults’ Awareness and Knowledge of Beans in Relation to Their Nutrient Content and Role in Chronic Disease Risk" Nutrients 11, no. 11: 2680. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112680
APA StyleDoma, K. M., Farrell, E. L., Leith-Bailey, E. R., Soucier, V. D., & Duncan, A. M. (2019). Older Adults’ Awareness and Knowledge of Beans in Relation to Their Nutrient Content and Role in Chronic Disease Risk. Nutrients, 11(11), 2680. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112680