High-Fructose Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders Were Counteracted by the Intake of Fruit and Leaves of Sweet Cherry in Wistar Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. Experimental Diets
2.3. Biological Sample Collection
2.4. The Concentration of Crude Lipid and Fatty Acids Composition in Organs and Adipose Tissue
2.5. Biochemical Analysis
2.6. Gene Expression
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Body Weight Gain and Weight of Organs
3.2. Crude Lipid Content and Concentration of Fatty Acids in Selected Organs and Adipose Tissue
3.3. Selected Biochemical Parameters
3.4. Biochemical Parameters Related to Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
3.5. Gene Expression Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Ethical Standards
References
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Ingredient | Group | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NC | HFr | HFr + F5% | HFr + F10% | HFr + L1% | HFr + L3% | |
g/kg | ||||||
Corn Starch | 532.486 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Sucrose | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Fructose | 0 | 632.486 | 586.586 | 540.786 | 627.286 | 616.986 |
Casein | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 |
Soybean Oil | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 | 70 |
Fiber | 50 | 50 | 45.9 | 41.7 | 45.2 | 35.5 |
Mineral Mix | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 |
Vitamin Mix | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
Leaves of sweet cherry | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 30 |
Fruits of sweet cherry | 0 | 0 | 50 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
Choline | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 |
Tert-Butylhydroquinone | 0.014 | 0.014 | 0.014 | 0.014 | 0.014 | 0.014 |
Parameter | Group | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NC | HFr | HFr + F5% | HFr + F10% | HFr + L1% | HFr + L3% | |
Weight (g) | ||||||
Body weight gain | 485.00 ± 47.10 a | 465.50 ± 65.63 a | 422.43 ± 38.26 a | 465.25 ± 61.08 a | 426.29 ± 66.31 a | 479.00 ± 47.82 a |
Liver | 17.49 ± 2.20 a | 24.39 ± 3.27 b | 20.63 ± 3.64 ab | 20.11 ± 2.12 a | 19.62 ± 4.02 a | 20.97 ± 4.02 ab |
Heart | 1.53 ± 0.13 ab | 1.53 ± 0.17 ab | 1.47 ± 0.11 a | 1.64 ± 0.10 b | 1.57 ± 0.17 ab | 1.60 ± 0.10 ab |
Kidneys * | 3.11 ± 0.34 a | 3.61 ± 0.40 bc | 3.37 ± 0.27 ab | 3.52 ± 0.38 bc | 3.47 ± 0.28 ab | 3.88 ± 0.35 c |
Crude lipid content (g/100 g) | ||||||
Liver | 15.27 ± 5.10 ab | 19.50 ± 2.89 b | 17.08 ± 4.41 ab | 13.17 ± 3.04 a | 12.45 ± 2.91 a | 12.37 ± 5.28 a |
Heart | 8.18 ± 1.09 a | 7.65 ± 0.64 a | 8.75 ± 1.43 a | 8.20 ± 1.07 a | 8.01 ± 0.86 a | 7.26 ± 0.93 a |
Kidneys | 12.65 ± 2.07 a | 11.17 ± 0.81 a | 12.41 ± 0.31 a | 11.45 ± 0.92 a | 11.15 ± 2.40 a | 11.10 ± 1.60 a |
Serum parameters | ||||||
Glucose (mg/dL) ** | 107 ± 16 a | 101 ± 9 a | 105 ± 6 a | 99 ± 8 a | 97 ± 14 a | 98 ± 13 a |
ALT (U/L) | 15.41 ± 3.05 a | 27.82 ± 6.15 d | 21.87 ± 4.26 c | 25.78 ± 5.11 d | 17.44 ± 2.42 ab | 19.86 ± 3.14 bc |
AST (U/L) | 30.54 ± 4.78 bc | 33.34 ± 3.17 c | 25.40 ± 3.41 a | 31.65 ± 5.10 c | 27.49 ± 2.62 ab | 26.02 ± 5.52 a |
TC (mmol/L) | 3.15 ± 0.27 a | 3.25 ± 0.34 a | 3.21 ± 0.31 a | 3.02 ± 0.22 a | 3.18 ± 0.26 a | 3.11 ± 0.39 a |
HDL (mmol/L) | 1.47 ± 0.21 ab | 1.41 ± 0.15 a | 1.60 ± 0.25 bc | 1.48 ± 0.22 ab | 1.66 ± 0.24 c | 1.74 ± 0.22 c |
LDL+VLDL (mmol/L) | 0.69 ± 0.13 b | 0.66 ± 0.20 b | 0.58 ± 0.15 ab | 0.53 ± 0.13 a | 0.68 ± 0.18 b | 0.56 ± 0.13 ab |
TG (mmol/L) | 2.32 ± 0.49 abc | 2.69 ± 0.59 c | 2.40 ± 0.52 bc | 2.27 ± 0.47 ab | 1.97 ± 0.43 a | 2.34 ± 0.43 abc |
Parameter | Group | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NC | HFr | HFr+F5% | HFr+F10% | HFr+L1% | HFr+L3% | |
Antioxidant status | ||||||
TAS (mmol Trolox) | 0.83 ± 0.08 b | 0.64 ± 0.07 a | 0.66 ± 0.12 a | 0.73 ± 0.05 ab | 0.76 ± 0.09 ab | 0.70 ± 0.10 a |
SOD (U/mL) * | 200.34 ± 18.45 bc | 201.52 ± 19.36 bc | 205.44 ± 15.52 c | 201.16 ± 16.38 bc | 188.93 ± 17.16 b | 168.43 ± 16.90 a |
GPx (U/mL) ** | 114.88 ± 14.37 a | 111.57 ± 9.24 a | 127.10 ± 13.17 b | 147.95 ± 11.63 c | 145.18 ± 14.44 c | 138.95 ± 15.04 c |
GR (U/L) | 34.59 ± 5.33 a | 36.64 ± 6.01 ab | 42.86 ± 10.08 bc | 43.34 ± 7.94 c | 42.32 ± 9.41 bc | 38.65 ± 5.64 abc |
CAT (U/L) | 15.87 ± 3.50 c | 19.59 ± 2.20 d | 15.64 ± 2.80 c | 13.02 ± 2.43 ab | 13.92 ± 2.74 bc | 11.35 ± 1.86 a |
HO-1 (µmol/L) | 0.60 ± 0.29 a | 0.55 ± 0.13 a | 0.43 ± 0.13 a | 0.57 ± 0.20 a | 0.60 ± 0.10 a | 0.56 ± 0.18 a |
TBARS (nmol/mL) | 4.22 ± 0.49 ab | 4.44 ± 0.78 b | 3.21 ± 0.82 a | 3.37 ± 0.72 ab | 3.44 ± 0.31 ab | 4.24 ± 0.31 ab |
Inflammation | ||||||
CRP (ng/mL) | 78.82 ± 14.26 a | 115.79 ± 14.83 b | 78.72 ± 14.80 a | 80.37 ± 15.23 a | 70.64 ± 10.21 a | 80.77 ± 12.04 a |
IL-6 (ng/mL) | 14.83 ± 1.33 a | 14.80 ± 0.47 a | 14.81 ± 0.40 a | 14.51 ± 0.24 a | 14.94 ± 1.03 a | 14.94 ± 0.48 a |
TNF-α (ng/mL) | 11.25 ± 0.57 a | 11.35 ± 0.33 a | 11.45 ± 0.73 a | 11.00 ± 0.30 a | 11.42 ± 1.00 a | 11.03 ± 0.53 a |
IL-10 (ng/mL) | 8.63 ± 0.98 a | 9.43 ± 1.00 a | 9.88 ± 1.53 ab | 12.28 ± 2.49 c | 9.92 ± 1.26 ab | 11.91 ± 0.88 bc |
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Dziadek, K.; Kopeć, A.; Piątkowska, E.; Leszczyńska, T. High-Fructose Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders Were Counteracted by the Intake of Fruit and Leaves of Sweet Cherry in Wistar Rats. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2638. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112638
Dziadek K, Kopeć A, Piątkowska E, Leszczyńska T. High-Fructose Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders Were Counteracted by the Intake of Fruit and Leaves of Sweet Cherry in Wistar Rats. Nutrients. 2019; 11(11):2638. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112638
Chicago/Turabian StyleDziadek, Kinga, Aneta Kopeć, Ewa Piątkowska, and Teresa Leszczyńska. 2019. "High-Fructose Diet-Induced Metabolic Disorders Were Counteracted by the Intake of Fruit and Leaves of Sweet Cherry in Wistar Rats" Nutrients 11, no. 11: 2638. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112638