The Association of Disease Activity, BMI and Phase Angle with Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients with IBD
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Patients
2.2. Measurements
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Direct Relationship: Vitamin D Deficiency as Risk Factor in the Onset of IBD or in the IBD Progression
4.2. Inverse Relationship: Onset Of Hypovitaminosis D In Patients with IBD
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Disease Activity | UC (Partial Mayo Score) | CD (Harvey-Bradshaw Index) |
---|---|---|
Remission | <2 | <5 |
Mild Disease | 2–4 | 5–7 |
Moderate Disease | 5–7 | 8–16 |
Severe Disease | >7 | >16 |
Parameter | Total (n = 206) | CD (n = 101) | UC (n = 105) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender (%) | ||||
Female | 102 (49.51) | 52 (51.49) | 50 (47.62) | 0.579 |
Male | 104 (50.49) | 49 (48.51) | 55 (52.38) | |
Age | ||||
At diagnosis, mean (SD | 36.78 (15.66) | 37.9 (16.64) | 35.7 (14.65) | 0.4606 |
At the last follow-up, mean (SD) | 44.1 (15.77) | 43.96 (16.33) | 44.24 (15.28) | 0.8498 |
Smoke (%) | ||||
Non Smoker | 36 (52.94) | 13 (50.00) | 23 (54.76) | 0.354 |
Smoker | 15 (22.06) | 8 (30.77) | 7 (16.67) | |
Former Smoker | 17 (25.00) | 5 (19.23) | 12 (28.57) | |
Body Mass Index (BMI, kg/m2), mean (SD) | 24.03 (5.68) | 24.43 (5.92) | 23.66 (5.44) | 0.3192 |
Phase Angle, mean (SD) | 5.41 (1.00) | 5.40 (1.00) | 5.50 (1.00) | 0.615 |
Glycemia (%) | ||||
<65 mg/dL | 57 (30.65) | 27 (29.03) | 30 (32.26) | 0.868 |
65–110 mg/dL | 118 (63.44) | 60 (64.52) | 58 (62.37) | |
>110 mg/dL | 11 (5.91) | 6 (6.45) | 5 (5.38) | |
Hemoglobin (%) | ||||
low | 23 (12.71) | 12 (13.04) | 11 (12.36) | 0.608 |
normal | 154 (85.08) | 77 (83.70) | 77 (86.52) | |
high | 4 (2.21) | 3 (3.26) | 1 (1.12) | |
CRP (%) | ||||
<5.0 mg/L | 133 (72.28) | 67 (72.04) | 66 (72.53) | 0.941 |
>5.0 mg/L | 51 (27.73) | 26 (27.96) | 25 (27.47) | |
Total Proteins (%) | ||||
<65 g/L | 5 (2.87) | 3 (3.53) | 2 (2.25) | 0.573 |
65–85 g/L | 153 (87.93) | 76 (89.41) | 77 (86.52) | |
>85 g/L | 16 (9.20) | 6 (7.06) | 10 (11.24) | |
Albumin (%) | ||||
<34 g/L | 10 (6.02) | 7 (8.54) | 3 (3.57) | 0.254 |
34–48 g/L | 155 (93.37) | 75 (91.46) | 80 (95.24) | |
>48 g/L | 1 (0.60) | - | 1 (1.19) | |
Folates (%) | ||||
<4 ng/mL | 55 (32.16) | 34 (40.96) | 21 (23.86) | 0.017 |
>4 ng/mL | 116 (67.84) | 49 (59.04) | 67 (76.14) | |
Iron (%) | ||||
low | 72 (43.11) | 49 (48.51) | 23 (34.85) | 0.031 |
normal | 92 (55.09) | 52 (51.49) | 40 (60.61) | |
high | 3 (1.80) | - | 3 (4.55) | |
Vitamin B12 (%) | ||||
low | 23 (12.11) | 22 (22.45) | 1 (1.09) | 0.000 |
normal | 158 (83.16) | 72 (73.47) | 86 (93.48) | |
high | 9 (4.74) | 4 (4.08) | 5 (5.43) |
Parameter | Total (n = 206) | CD (n = 101) | UC (n = 105) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Disease duration (years), mean (SD) | 7.33 (7.96) | 6.06 (7.33) | 8.54 (8.39) | 0.016 |
Disease Activity (%) | ||||
Remission | 55 (27.09) | 28 (28.28) | 27 (25.96) | 0.145 |
Mild | 69 (33.99) | 40 (40.40) | 29 (27.88) | |
Moderate | 34 (16.75) | 14 (14.14) | 20 (19.23) | |
Severe | 45 (22.17) | 17 (17.17) | 28 (26.92) | |
Body-mass Index (BMI) (%) | ||||
underweight | 26 (12.62) | 13 (12.87) | 13 (12.38) | 0.964 |
normal weight | 101 (49.03) | 47 (46.53) | 54 (51.43) | |
pre-obesity | 53 (25.73) | 28 (27.72) | 25 (23.81) | |
obesity class I | 16 (7.77) | 8 (7.92) | 8 (7.62) | |
obesity class II | 5 (2.43) | 2 (1.98) | 3 (2.86) | |
obesity class III | 5 (2.43) | 3 (2.97) | 2 (1.90) |
Parameter | Chron’s Disease (n = 101) | Ulcerative Colitis (n = 105) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vitamin D Deficiency | No Vitamin D Deficiency | p | Vitamin D Deficiency | No Vitamin D Deficiency | p | |
Disease Activity (%) | ||||||
Remission | 42.9 | 57.1 | 0.001 | 22.7 | 77.3 | 0.106 |
Mild | 20.0 | 80.0 | 9.1 | 90.9 | ||
Moderate | 78.6 | 21.4 | 41.2 | 58.8 | ||
Severe | 47.1 | 52.9 | 33.3 | 66.7 | ||
BMI classes (%) | ||||||
underweight | 30.8 | 69.2 | 0.625 | 25.0 | 75.0 | 0.013 |
normal weight | 31.9 | 68.1 | 14.3 | 85.7 | ||
pre-obesity | 46.4 | 53.6 | 26.3 | 73.7 | ||
obesity class I | 50.0 | 50.0 | 62.5 | 37.5 | ||
obesity class II | 50.0 | 50.0 | 33.3 | 66.7 | ||
obesity class III | 66.7 | 33.3 | 100.0 | 0.0 |
Parameter | Crohn’s Disease—OR (SE) | Ulcerative Colitis—OR (SE) |
---|---|---|
BMI (kg/m2) | 1.05 (0.04) | 1.12 *** (0.05) |
Phase Angle | 0.66 ** (0.11) | 0.49 *** (0.10) |
Disease Duration | 1.03 (0.04) | 0.97 (0.04) |
Disease Activity | ||
Remission | 3.35 ** (2.04) | 1.44 (1.10) |
Moderate | 11.22 *** (9.09) | 2.67 (1.98) |
Severe | 2.23 (1.58) | 2.69 (1.92) |
Gender (male) | 0.41 (0.22) | 0.64 (0.38) |
LR chi2(5) | 25.89 | 28.81 |
p-value | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Num. Obs | 98 | 84 |
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Mentella, M.C.; Scaldaferri, F.; Pizzoferrato, M.; Gasbarrini, A.; Miggiano, G.A.D. The Association of Disease Activity, BMI and Phase Angle with Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients with IBD. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2583. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112583
Mentella MC, Scaldaferri F, Pizzoferrato M, Gasbarrini A, Miggiano GAD. The Association of Disease Activity, BMI and Phase Angle with Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients with IBD. Nutrients. 2019; 11(11):2583. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112583
Chicago/Turabian StyleMentella, Maria Chiara, Franco Scaldaferri, Marco Pizzoferrato, Antonio Gasbarrini, and Giacinto Abele Donato Miggiano. 2019. "The Association of Disease Activity, BMI and Phase Angle with Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients with IBD" Nutrients 11, no. 11: 2583. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112583