Actigraphic Sleep and Dietary Macronutrient Intake in Children Aged 6–9 Years Old: A Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Sleep Assessment
2.3. Dietary Intake
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All (n = 203) | Male (n = 102) | Female (n = 101) | P Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
General Characteristics | ||||
Age (years) | 7.4 (1.1) | 7.2 (1.1) | 7.5 (1.1) | 0.025 |
6 years old n (%) | 59 (29.1) | 36 (34.6) | 23 (22.8) | 0.134 |
7 years old n (%) | 60 (29.6) | 31 (30.4) | 29 (28.7) | |
8 years old n (%) | 39 (19.2) | 16 (15.7) | 23 (22.8) | |
9 years old n (%) | 46 (22.7) | 19 (18.6) | 27 (26.7) | |
BMI Z-score | 0.8 (1.3) | 0.9 (1.5) | 0.7 (1.1) | 0.159 |
Major Obese n (%) | 6 (3.0) | 4 (3.9) | 2 (2.0) | 0.342 |
Obese n (%) | 30 (14.8) | 19 (18.8) | 11 (10.8) | |
Overweight n (%) | 51 (25.1) | 23 (22.8) | 28 (27.5) | |
Normal n (%) | 115 (56.7) | 55 (54.5) | 60 (58.8) | |
Wasted n (%) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | |
Body fat (%) | 15.5 (6.5) | 13.7 (7 | 17.4 (5.3) | 0.001 |
WHR (cm) | 0.88 (0.05) | 0.89 (0.46) | 0.87 (0.05) | 0.001 |
Actigraphic Sleep Parameters | ||||
Sleep duration week (h and min) | 7 h 44.1 min (54.6 min) | 7 h 38.9 min (57.6 min) | 7 h 49.1 min (51.3 min) | 0.187 |
≥9 h n (%) | 11 (5.4) | 5 (4.9) | 6 (5.9) | |
<9 h n (%) | 192 (94.6) | 96 (95.0) | 95 (94.1) | 0.507 |
<7 h, n (%) | 36 (17.7) | 25 (24.8) | 11 (10.8) | 0.078 |
≥7 to <8 h n (%) | 76 (37.4) | 34 (33.7) | 42 (41.2) | |
≥8 to <9 h n (%) | 80 (39.4) | 37 (36.6) | 43 (42.3) | |
Sleep duration weekend (h and min) | 7 h 44.8 min (1 h 5.8 min) | 7 h 36.0 min (1 h 9.9 min) | 7 h 53.6 min (1 h 0.4 min) | 0.057 |
≥9 h n (%) | 19 (9.4) | 9 (8.9) | 10 (9.8) | |
<9 h n (%) | 183 (90.1) | 93 (62.1) | 90 (88.2) | 0.358 |
<7 h n (%) | 45 (22.2) | 29 (28.7) | 16 (15.7) | 0.065 |
≥7 to <8 h n (%) | 72 (35.5) | 37 (36.6) | 35 (34.3) | |
≥8 to <9 h n (%) | 67 (33) | 26 (25.7) | 41 (40.2) | |
Sleep Efficiency weekday (%) | 80.5 (8.3) | 78.9 (8.4) | 82.1 (7.8) | 0.005 |
≥85% n (%) | 66 (32.5) | 30 (29.7) | 36 (35.3) | 0.242 |
<85% n (%) | 137 (67.5) | 71 (70.3) | 66 (64.7) | |
Sleep Efficiency weekend (%) | 79.4 (9.4) | 78.9 (9.8) | 79.9 (8.9) | 0.454 |
≥85% n (%) | 64 (31.5) | 28 (27.7) | 36 (35.3) | 0.291 |
<85%, n (%) | 139 (68.5) | 73 (72.3) | 66 (64.7) | |
Habitual sleep variability (min) | 55.8 (29.2) | 57.4 (32.1) | 54 (26.2) | 0.429 |
Dietary intake | ||||
Energy (kcal/day) | 2396 (712) | 2429 (839) | 2363 (560) | 0.512 |
6–8 years: Boys 1400–1700 kcal/day; Girls: 1300–1600 kcal/day * | ||||
9 years: Boys 1800–2300 kcal/day; Girls: 1700–2000 kcal/day * | ||||
Protein (g/day) | 109.4 (60.7) | 113.2 (79.2) | 105.6 (33.1) | 0.377 |
6–8 years: 19 g/day * | ||||
9 years: 34 g/day * | ||||
Fat (g/day) | 108.8 (48.9) | 110 (58.2) | 107.7 (35.1) | 0.746 |
6–8 years: 25 g/day * | ||||
9 years: 35 g/day * | ||||
Carbohydrate (g/day) | 234.2 (41.5) | 236.9 (39.1) | 231.5 (43.8) | 0.357 |
6–9 years: 130 g/day * |
Energy, kcal 2396 (712) | P Value | Fat, g 109.4 (60.7) | P Value | Protein, g 108.8 (48.9) | P Value | Carbohydrate, g 234.2 (41.5) | P Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sleep Duration | ||||||||
Weekday Continuous | 2397.7 (714.2) | 0.002 | 109.0 (48.0) | 0.002 | 109.5 (60.9) | 0.003 | 234.2 (41.6) | 0.329 |
Weekday Categorical | ||||||||
≥9 h | 2136.6 (177.1) | 90.7 (10.9) | 90.4 (21.1) | 230.5 (34.4) | ||||
<9 h | 2412.6 (730.5) | 0.005 | 110.1 (49.1) | 0.006 | 110.6 (62.2) | 0.007 | 234.4 (42.0) | 0.351 |
<7 h | 2619.1 (1328.3) | 0.152 | 122.8 (94.1) | 0.215 | 127.2 (128.4) | 0.186 | 241.0 (37.3) | 0.754 |
≥7 to <8 h | 2371.8 (399.3) | 107.8 (23.3) | 107.3 (25.1) | 233.2 (39.5) | ||||
≥8 to <9 h | 2358.4 (577.1) | 106.5 (36.2) | 106.2 (36.0) | 232.6 (46.4) | ||||
Weekday Continuous | 2397.7 (714.2) | 0.503 | 109.0 (48.0) | 0.719 | 109.5 (60.9) | 0.506 | 234.2 (41.6) | 0.436 |
Weekend Categorical | ||||||||
≥9 h | 2395.1 (714.1) | 109.0 (48.0) | 109.5 (60.9) | 232.4 (41.0) | ||||
<9 h | 2404.2 (746.7) | 0.655 | 109.7 (50.2) | 0.933 | 110.1 (63.7) | 0.613 | 109.7 (50.2) | 0.933 |
<7 h | 2642.9 (1180.8) | 0.940 | 126.3 (82.8) | 0.809 | 123.9 (115.2) | 0.785 | 242.6 (38.9) | 0.766 |
≥7 to <8 h | 2257.8 (422.4) | 100.1 (23.9) | 98.1 (22.6) | 230.7 (43.5) | ||||
≥8 to <9 h | 2384.0 (563.8) | 108.1 (37.3) | 108.9 (35.34) | 232.7 (41.7) | ||||
Sleep Efficiency | ||||||||
Weekday | 2397.7 (714.2) | 0.971 | 109.0 (48.0) | 0.776 | 109.5 (60.9) | 0.660 | 234.2 (41.6) | 0.195 |
≥85% | 2383.7 (1030.6) | 0.842 | 109.7 (72.0) | 0.942 | 114.1 (97.0) | 0.817 | 225.8 (35.7) | 0.226 |
<85% | 2404.4 (499.8) | 0.914 | 108.7 (30.9) | 0.638 | 107.3 (31.5) | 0.704 | 238.2 (43.7) | 0.936 |
Weekend | 2397.7 (714.2) | 0.914 | 109.0 (48.0) | 0.629 | 109.5 (60.9) | 0.508 | 234.2 (41.6) | 0.015 |
≥85% | 2470.1 (1132.7) | 0.403 | 115.8 (78.5) | 0.517 | 120.1 (102.3) | 0.599 | 227.3 (38.0) | 0.052 |
<85% | 2364.3 (396.8) | 0.023 | 106.1 (23.4) | 0.166 | 104.6 (23.9) | 0.061 | 237.4 (42.9) | 0.032 |
Habitual Sleep Variabity | 2398.9 (715.8) | 0.106 | 109.1 (48.2) | 0.132 | 109.6 (61.0) | 0.024 | 234.2 (41.7) | 0.757 |
Energy, kcal | Fat, g | Protein, g | Carbohydrate, g | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (95% CI) * | P Value | β (95% CI) * | P Value | β (95% CI) * | P Value | β (95% CI) * | P Value | |
Sleep Duration (h) | ||||||||
Weekday Continuous | −170.17 (−276.59, −63.76) | 0.002 | −11.43 (−18.59, −4.20) | 0.002 | −13.84 (−22.90, −4.75) | 0.003 | −3.14 (−9.47, 3.10) | 0.329 |
Weekday Categorical | ||||||||
≥9 h | 15.79 (−459.29, 487.87) | 0.941 | 4.75 (−24.16, 33.66) | 0.713 | −9.38 (−65.27, 46.51) | 0.719 | 1.21 (−90.57, 92.80) | 0.978 |
<9 h | −172.76 (−293.62, −51.90) | 0.001 | −11.53 (−19.66, −3.39) | 0.006 | −14.28 (−24.59, 3.97) | 0.007 | −3.35 (−10.43, 3.72) | 0.351 |
<7 h | −883.42 (−1621.78, −145.00) | 0.020 | −62.82 (−115.09, −10.54) | 0.020 | −80.11 (−152.24, −7.98) | 0.031 | 0.86 (−21.58, 23.31) | 0.938 |
≥7 to <8 h | 35.81 (−286.26, 357.88) | 0.825 | 0.209 (−18.58, 19.00) | 0.982 | 4.10 (−16.14, 24.35) | 0.687 | 1.26 (−30.57, 33.11) | 0.937 |
≥8 to <9 h | −144.70 (−639.38, 349.97) | 0.562 | −8.23 (−39.24, 22.76) | 0.598 | −2.38 (−33.33, 28.56) | 0.878 | −11.84 (−51.58, 27.89) | 0.555 |
Weekend Continuous | −25.57 (−100.67, 49.52) | 0.503 | −0.92 (−5.98, 4.13) | 0.506 | −2.16 (−8.56, 4.23) | 0.719 | −1.73 (−6.10, 2.63) | 0.436 |
Weekday Categorical | ||||||||
≥9 h | −98.18 (−327.09, 130.72) | 0.378 | −4.72 (−17.97, 8.53) | 0.463 | −7.36 (−25.48, 10.75) | 0.403 | −7.11 (−27.39, 13.15) | 0.469 |
<9 h | −25.60 (−104.37, 53.17) | 0.522 | −0.671 (−5.97, 4.63) | 0.803 | −1.92 (−8.63, 4.78) | 0.573 | −2.57 (−7.01, 1.95) | 0.263 |
<7 h | −68.91 (−262.39, 124.56) | 0.476 | −3.27 (−16.88, 10.33) | 0.630 | −3.70 (−22.65, 15.25) | 0.696 | −5.36 (−11.57, 0.83) | 0.088 |
≥7 to <8 h | −2.73 (−80.43, 74.97) | 0.944 | 0.48 (−3.91, 4.88) | 0.826 | −1.02 (−5.18, 3.13) | 0.625 | −0.786 (−8.76, 7.19) | 0.845 |
≥8 to <9 h | 56.03 (−88.53, 200.61) | 0.442 | 3.26 (−6.29, 12.82) | 0.497 | 0.12 (−8.97, 9.23) | 0.978 | 7.17 (−3.41, 17.75) | 0.181 |
Sleep Efficiency (%) | ||||||||
Weekday | −1.49 (−13.39–10.41) | 0.805 | 0.13 (−0.67–0.93) | 0.753 | 0.14 (−0.86–1.16) | 0.775 | −0.72 (−1.41–0.04) | 0.039 |
≥85% | 1088.11 (−9798.81–11,975.04) | 0.842 | −27.79 (−788.26, 732.67) | 0.942 | 119.36 (−904.90, 1143.63) | 0.817 | 228.19 (−144.37, 600.75) | 0.226 |
<85% | 63.47 (−1098.00, 1225.55) | 0.914 | 17.09 (−54.61, 88.79) | 0.638 | −14.08 (−87.27, 59.11) | 0.704 | −4.51 (−105.00, 97.43) | 0.936 |
Weekend | −57.32 (−1113.77, −999.14) | 0.915 | 22.43 (−48.57, 93.43) | 0.534 | 27.32 (−62.62, 117.27) | 0.550 | −82.57 (−143.00–22.14) | 0.008 |
≥85% | 4254.11 (−5837.14–14,345.37) | 0.403 | 228.55 (−475.77, 929.87) | 0.517 | 241.58 (−672.59, 1155.76) | 0.599 | 327.31 (−3.11, 657.73) | 0.052 |
<85% | −811.38 (−1509.00, 113.55) | 0.023 | −29.02 (−70.21, 12.17) | 0.166 | −40.48 (−82.83, 1.87) | 0.061 | −82.70 (−158.27, −7.12) | 0.032 |
Habitual Sleep Variabity (min) | 0.46 (−2.93, 3.84) | 0.791 | −0.01 (−0.24, 0.22) | 0.917 | 0.17 (−0.11, 0.46) | 0.234 | −0.02 (−0.22, 0.18) | 0.917 |
Energy, kcal | Fat, g | Protein, g | Carbohydrate, g | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (95% CI) * | P Value | β (95% CI) * | P Value | β (95% CI) * | P value | β (95% CI) * | P Value | |
Sleep Duration (h) | ||||||||
Weekday Continuous | −165,45 (−274.01, −56.88) | 0.003 | −11.14 (−18.44, −3.84) | 0.003 | −13.27 (−22.52, −4.02) | 0.005 | −3.13 (−9.57, 3.31) | 0.339 |
Weekday Categorical | ||||||||
≥9 h | 214.5 (−414.25, 843.25) | 0.421 | 7.92 (−36.59, 52.44) | 0.666 | 3.93 (−79.18, 87.05) | 0.908 | 32.46 (−126.32, 191.25) | 0.339 |
<9 h | −167.08 (−290.98, −43.18) | 0.008 | −11.11 (−19.44, −2.78) | 0.009 | −13.76 (−24.30, −3.22) | 0.011 | −3.33 (−10.56, 3.90) | 0.366 |
Weekend Continuous | −23.66 (−100.16, 52.84) | 0.543 | −0.95 (−6.09, 4.20) | 0.717 | −1.88 (−8.39,46.61) | 0.567 | −1.37 (−5.82,3.07) | 0.543 |
Weekday Categorical | ||||||||
≥9 h | −18.49 (−108.11, 71.13) | 0.665 | −1.91 (−7.36, 3.54) | 0.465 | −0.13 (−6.84, 6.58) | 0.967 | 0.86 (−6.75, 8.46) | 0.810 |
<9 h | −23.92 (−147.39, 99.57) | 0.703 | 0.60 (−7.69, 8.90) | 0.886 | −2.37 (−12.88, 8.13) | 0.656 | −4.46 (−11.54, 2.61) | 0.215 |
Sleep Efficiency (%) | ||||||||
Weekday | −11.81 (−1177.82,1154.20) | 0.984 | 10.56 (−67.83, 88.95) | 0.791 | 23.59 (−75.42, 122.61) | 0.639 | −41.01 (−108.58, 26.56) | 0.233 |
≥85% | 2410.57 (−8937.42, 13,748.60) | 0.672 | 90.52 (−697.63, 878.68) | 0.819 | 267.11 (−797.83, 1332.05 | 0.618 | 145.94 (−223.97, 515.86) | 0.433 |
<85% | 79.20 (−1090.53, 1248.94) | 0.894 | 18.34 (−52.79, 89.48) | 0.611 | −12.55 (−85.81, 60.72) | 0.735 | −4.47 (−106.80, 97.86) | 0.931 |
Weekend | −433.78 (−1277.26, 409.69) | 0.311 | −10.66 (−62.17, 40.85) | 0.683 | −23.34 (−76.24, 29.57) | 0.385 | −52.57 (−126.09, 20.94) | 0.160 |
≥85% | 5294.27 (−4980.20, 15,568.74) | 0.307 | 301.40 (−411.49, 1014.30) | 0.401 | 335.35 (−593.30, 1264.01) | 0.473 | 337.05 (3.32, 670.77) | 0.048 |
<85% | −847.43 (−1566.77, 128.09) | 0.021 | −32.17 (−74.56, 10.22) | 0.136 | −40.56 (−83.94, 2.82) | 0.067 | −83.96 (−161.76,-6.15) | 0.035 |
Habitual Sleep Variabity (min) | 2.82 (−0.65, 6.30) | 0.111 | 0.18 (−0.05, 0.41) | 0.133 | 0.32 (0.03, 0.62) | 0.031 | −0.02 (−0.23, 0.18) | 0.814 |
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Coronado Ferrer, S.; Peraita-Costa, I.; Llopis-Morales, A.; Picó, Y.; Soriano, J.M.; Nieto, F.J.; Llopis-González, A.; Morales-Suarez-Varela, M. Actigraphic Sleep and Dietary Macronutrient Intake in Children Aged 6–9 Years Old: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2568. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112568
Coronado Ferrer S, Peraita-Costa I, Llopis-Morales A, Picó Y, Soriano JM, Nieto FJ, Llopis-González A, Morales-Suarez-Varela M. Actigraphic Sleep and Dietary Macronutrient Intake in Children Aged 6–9 Years Old: A Pilot Study. Nutrients. 2019; 11(11):2568. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112568
Chicago/Turabian StyleCoronado Ferrer, Silvia, Isabel Peraita-Costa, Agustín Llopis-Morales, Yolanda Picó, José Miguel Soriano, F. Javier Nieto, Agustín Llopis-González, and María Morales-Suarez-Varela. 2019. "Actigraphic Sleep and Dietary Macronutrient Intake in Children Aged 6–9 Years Old: A Pilot Study" Nutrients 11, no. 11: 2568. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112568