“I Feel like I’m Eating Rice 24 Hours a Day, 7 Days a Week”: Dietary Diversity among Asylum Seekers Living in Norway
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Sample Selection
3. Results
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Ethics Standard Disclosure
References
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Men (n = 131) n (%) or Mean ± SD | Women (n = 74) n (%) or Mean ± SD | Total (n = 205) n (%) or Mean ± SD | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 29.7 ± 9.0 * | 33.3 ± 11.7 * | 31 ± 10.2 |
Country of origin | |||
Eritrea | 17 (13.0) * | 19 (25.7) * | 36 (17.6) |
Iraq | 16 (12.2) | 6 (8.1) | 22 (10.7) |
Somalia | 9 (6.9) | 13 (17.6) | 22 (10.7) |
Syria | 45 (34.4) * | 7 (9.5) * | 52 (25.4) |
Other | 43 (32.8) | 29 (39.2) | 72 (35.1) |
Marital status | |||
Married | 42 (32.1) * | 37 (50.0) * | 79 (38.5) |
Single | 77 (58.8) * | 18 (24.3) * | 95 (46.3) |
Other | 12 (9.2) | 19 (25.7) | 31 (15.1) |
Education completed | |||
None | 16 (12.2) | 23 (31.1) | 39 (19.0) |
1–12 years | 64 (48.9) | 30 (40.5) | 94 (45.9) |
Higher | 51 (38.9) | 20 (27.0) | 71 (34.6) |
Location of reception center | |||
Urban | 79 (60.3) | 41 (55.4) | 120 (58.5) |
Rural | 52 (39.7) | 33 (44.6) | 85 (41.5) |
Living situation | |||
Alone | 28 (21.4) | 12 (16.2) | 40 (19.5) |
Husband/wife without children | 3 (2.3) | 2 (2.7) | 5 (2.4) |
With children | 14 (10.7) * | 30 (40.5) * | 44 (21.5) |
With other not family | 86 (65.6) * | 30 (40.5) * | 116 (56.6) |
Asylum application status | |||
Submitted | 41 (31.3) | 22 (29.7) | 63 (30.7) |
Accepted | 56 (42.7) | 25 (33.8) | 81 (39.5) |
Rejected | 34 (26.0) | 27 (36.5) | 61 (29.8) |
Monthly budget euro Months of stay in Norway | 292 ± 174 * 23.1 ± 24.3 * | 369 ± 216 * 39.0 ± 38.3 * | 320 ± 193 28.8 ± 30.9 |
Living with children | 14(10.7) * | 30 (40.5) * | 44 (21.5) |
Food insecure | 125 (95.4) * | 65 (87.8) * | 190 (92.7) |
Dietary Diversity Score | Men (n = 131) n (%) | Women (n = 74) n (%) | Total (n = 205) n (%) |
---|---|---|---|
0 | 2 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.0) |
1 | 5 (3.8) | 3 (4.1) | 8 (3.9) |
2 | 18 (13.7) | 8 (10.8) | 26 (12.7) |
3 | 33 (25.2) | 11 (14.9) | 44 (21.5) |
4 | 29 (22.1) | 14 (18.9) | 43 (21.0) |
5 | 27 (20.6) | 18 (24.3) | 45 (22.0) |
6 | 13 (9.9) | 11 (14.9) | 24 (11.7) |
7 | 4 (3.1) | 7 (9.5) | 11 (5.4) |
8 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.4) | 1 (0.5) |
9 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.4) | 1 (0.5) |
Food Groups | Men (n = 131) n (%) | Women (n = 74) n (%) | Food Secure (n = 15) n (%) | Food Insecure (n = 190) n (%) | Total (n = 205) n (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 food groups | |||||
All starchy staple foods | 124 (94.7) | 72 (97.3) | 14 (93.3) | 182 (95.8) | 196 (95.6) |
Beans and peas | 41 (31.3) | 19 (25.7) | 4 (26.7) | 56 (29.5) | 60 (29.3) |
Nuts and seeds | 5 (3.8) | 3 (4.1) | 1 (6.7) | 7 (3.7) | 8 (3.9) |
Dairy | 64 (48.9) | 46 (62.2) | 13 (86.7) | 97 (51.1) * | 110 (53.7) |
Flesh foods | 71 (54.2) | 41 (55.4) | 10 (66.7) | 102 (53.7) | 112 (54.6) |
Eggs | 44 (33.6) | 16 (21.6) | 3 (20.0) | 57 (30.0) | 60 (29.3) |
Vitamin A-rich dark leafy vegetables | 9 (6.9) | 15 (20.3) * | 2 (13.3) | 22 (11.6) | 24 (11.7) |
Other vitamin A-rich vegetables and fruits | 5 (3.8) | 19 (25.7) * | 3 (20.0) | 21 (11.1) | 24 (11.7) |
Other vegetables | 92 (70.2) | 56 (75.7) | 15 (100.0) | 133 (70.0) * | 148 (72.2) |
Other fruits | 42 (32.1) | 43 (58.1) * | 7 (46.7) | 78 (41.1) | 85 (41.5) |
Additional food groups | |||||
Salty snacks | 9 (6.9) | 2 (2.7) | 3 (20.0) | 8 (4.2) * | 11 (5.4) |
Sweets | 38 (29.0) | 23 (31.1) | 3 (20.0) | 58 (30.5) | 61 (29.8) |
Sugary drinks | 85 (64.9) | 53 (71.6) | 12 (80.0) | 126 (66.3) | 138 (67.3) |
Variables | Unadjusted Beta Coefficients a (95% CI) | p | Adjusted Beta Coefficients b (95% CI) | p |
Age (years) | 0.03 (0.01, 0.05) | 0.02 | 0.01(−0.01, 0.04) | 0.32 |
Gender (men vs. women) | 0.67 (0.21, 1.12) | <0.001 | 0.47 (0.00, 0.95) | 0.05 |
Length of stay (months) | 0.01 (0.01, 0.02) | <0.001 | 0.01 (0.00, 0.02) | 0.03 |
Monthly budget (euros) | 0.13 (0.01, 0.25) | 0.03 | 0.08 (−0.05, 0.21) | 0.22 |
Number of children | 0.19 (0.03, 0.35) | 0.02 | 0.09 (−0.09, 0.28) | 0.33 |
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Henjum, S.; Caswell, B.L.; Terragni, L. “I Feel like I’m Eating Rice 24 Hours a Day, 7 Days a Week”: Dietary Diversity among Asylum Seekers Living in Norway. Nutrients 2019, 11, 2293. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102293
Henjum S, Caswell BL, Terragni L. “I Feel like I’m Eating Rice 24 Hours a Day, 7 Days a Week”: Dietary Diversity among Asylum Seekers Living in Norway. Nutrients. 2019; 11(10):2293. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102293
Chicago/Turabian StyleHenjum, Sigrun, Bess L. Caswell, and Laura Terragni. 2019. "“I Feel like I’m Eating Rice 24 Hours a Day, 7 Days a Week”: Dietary Diversity among Asylum Seekers Living in Norway" Nutrients 11, no. 10: 2293. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102293