Chinese Propolis Exerts Anti-Proliferation Effects in Human Melanoma Cells by Targeting NLRP1 Inflammatory Pathway, Inducing Apoptosis, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Autophagy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents
2.2. Cell Culture
2.3. Extraction of Chinese Propolis (CP)
2.4. Liquid Chromatography−Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS) Analysis
2.5. Cell Viability Assay
2.6. Cell Apoptosis Assay
2.7. Cell Cycle Assay
2.8. Western Blotting
2.9. RNA Isolation and Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR)
2.10. Wound Healing Assay
2.11. ROS Determination
2.12. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Components Identified in CP
3.2. CP Induces Mitochondria-Dependent Apoptosis in Human Melanoma Cell Line A375
3.3. CP Induces S-G2/M Cell-Cycle Arrest in Human Melanoma Cell Line A375
3.4. CP Prompts Apoptosis in A375 by Targeting NLRP1-Related Inflammatory Pathway
3.5. CP Triggers Autophagy in Human Melanoma, which Enhances its Cytotoxicity to A375
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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NAME | Forward | Reverse |
---|---|---|
GADPH | CAGGGCTGCTTTTAACTCTGG | TGGGTGGAATCATATTGGAACA |
NLRP1 | GCTGGACCAGACAACTCTGA | GGTTTCCGTCTGCTGAAGAT |
IL-1α | TGGTAGTAGCAACCAACGGGA | ACTTTGATTGAGGGCGTCATTC |
IL-1β | AGCTACGAATCTCCGACCAC | CGTTATCCCATGTGTCGAAGAA |
IL-18 | TCTTCATTGACCAAGGAAATCGG | TCCGGGGTGCATTATCTCTAC |
Compounds | RT(min) | [M + 1]+ | Content (mg/g) |
---|---|---|---|
Caffeic acid | 8.26 | 181.04226 | 8.24 |
p-Coumaric acid | 10.36 | 165.04734 | 4.97 |
Ferulic acid | 11.35 | 195.05791 | 2.58 |
Isoferulic acid | 11.87 | 195.05791 | 3.16 |
Cinnamic acid | 12.21 | 149.05243 | 0.62 |
Vanillic acid | 15.04 | 169.04226 | |
Kaempferol | 16.26 | 287.04774 | 1.72 |
Myricetin | 16.38 | 319.03757 | |
Quercetin | 16.39 | 303.04265 | 1.75 |
3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid | 17.02 | 209.07356 | 9.26 |
Apigenin | 18.41 | 271.05282 | 3.61 |
Pinobanksin | 18.82 | 273.06847 | 35.99 |
Luteotin | 18.90 | 287.04774 | |
Caffeic acid benzyl ester | 23.61 | 271.08921 | |
Chrysin | 23.66 | 255.05791 | 50.99 |
Pinocembrin | 24.22 | 257.07356 | 43.93 |
Galangin | 24.44 | 271.05282 | 18.24 |
CAPE | 24.74 | 285.10486 | 15.79 |
3-O-Acetyl pinobanksin | 24.91 | 315.07904 | 73.81 |
Rutin | 32.10 | 611.15339 |
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Zheng, Y.; Wu, Y.; Chen, X.; Jiang, X.; Wang, K.; Hu, F. Chinese Propolis Exerts Anti-Proliferation Effects in Human Melanoma Cells by Targeting NLRP1 Inflammatory Pathway, Inducing Apoptosis, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Autophagy. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1170. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091170
Zheng Y, Wu Y, Chen X, Jiang X, Wang K, Hu F. Chinese Propolis Exerts Anti-Proliferation Effects in Human Melanoma Cells by Targeting NLRP1 Inflammatory Pathway, Inducing Apoptosis, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Autophagy. Nutrients. 2018; 10(9):1170. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091170
Chicago/Turabian StyleZheng, Yufei, Yuqi Wu, Xi Chen, Xiasen Jiang, Kai Wang, and Fuliang Hu. 2018. "Chinese Propolis Exerts Anti-Proliferation Effects in Human Melanoma Cells by Targeting NLRP1 Inflammatory Pathway, Inducing Apoptosis, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Autophagy" Nutrients 10, no. 9: 1170. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091170