Adequacy of Some Locally Produced Complementary Foods Marketed in Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Senegal
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Survey of Producers and Points of Sale
2.2. Sampling for Nutritional Composition Analyses and Assessment of Adequacy
2.3. Analytical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Quantities of Locally Produced PCBBs: Availability
3.2. Prices and Budget Required to Purchase PCBBs: Accessibility and Affordability
3.3. Ingredients Used and Proximate and Mineral Composition of the PCBBs
3.4. Compliance of Labelling Information on the Packaging
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions and Recommendations
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country | Annual GNI Per Capita (€) b | Estimation of the Number of 6–23 Months Children (2016) c | Estimated PCBBs Needs (tons/month) d |
---|---|---|---|
Benin | 759 | 524,000 | 800 |
Burkina Faso | 578 | 878,000 | 1400 |
Ghana | 1338 | 1,320,000 | 2000 |
Senegal | 904 | 734,000 | 1200 |
Class | Name of Enterprise | Brand Names of PCBB Produced | Mean Quantity Produced (tons/month) | Country of Production | Countries of Exportation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Class I (> 3 tons, > 2000 IYC) | PKL | Farinor (3 varieties) Nutribon (4 varieties) | 17.5 | Ivory Coast a | Cameroun, Ghana, Senegal, Togo |
Blessed Child Foods | TB, Oatmeal superb taste, Cereal plus, Rice mix, Multicereal, Nutrimental, Brown Rice | 15.0 | Ghana | None | |
CVSFEB | Beau bébé (1st and 2nd age), Pépite d’or | 7.0 | Benin | Togo, Niger | |
Agrotechnic | Mickelange | 6.0 | Benin | Niger | |
UBETA/DANA | Céréso Ouando, Rimalait | 6.0 | Benin | Burkina Faso, Niger, Togo | |
Misola Burkinabè Association | Misola | 4.0 | Burkina Faso | Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger, Senegal b | |
SODEPAL | Vitaline | 3.5 | Burkina Faso | None | |
Class II (0.6 to 3 tons, 400 to 2000 IYC) | Elssy Kess Homefresh | Haussa koko | 1.8 | Ghana | None |
JFP | La famille (1st and 2nd age) | 1.5 | Benin | None | |
ECOPRIX | Petit Gourmet | 1.2 | Burkina Faso | None | |
Renny Foods | TB, Renny Tom cereal legume mix | 1.0 | Ghana | None | |
FASO RIIBO | Natavie | 0.8 | Burkina Faso | None | |
Burkina Agricole | Vitazom | 0.7 | Burkina Faso | None | |
CTRAPA | Céréalor | 0.6 | Burkina Faso | None | |
Class III (< 0.6 ton, < 400 IYC) | Vidamix Foods | Vidamix roasted cereal mix (3 var) | 0.4 | Ghana | None |
Justibek Foods | Nutritious sesame | 0.4 | Ghana | None | |
Sembo | Sembo, Lakhou Pissa | 0.4 | Senegal | None | |
Medic Group Services | Médivit with soybean (from 3 mo), Médivit without soybean (from 6 mo) | 0.2 | Benin | None | |
Crossover | Crossover TB (5 varieties) | 0.1 | Ghana | None | |
NA | Delices Familia | NA | Benin | NA |
PCBB Code | Proximate Composition (g/100 g DM) | Mineral Composition (mg/100 g DM) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Protein | Fat | Fe | Zn | Ca | Mg | Na | Cu | P | Mn | ||
Without VM Premix | Be7 | 11.5 | 6.7 | 7.1 | 2.8 | 31 | 121 | 0.8 | 0.29 | 300 | 0.9 |
Be8 | 10.1 | 4.9 | 13.8 | 3.1 | 12 | 110 | 2.9 | 0.25 | 297 | 0.7 | |
Gh10 | 13.5 | 9.1 | 13.4 | 4.1 | 48 | 128 | 2.1 | 0.49 | 279 | 1.5 | |
Gh11 | 14.9 | 12.2 | 4.1 | 2.7 | 44 | 126 | 3.7 | 0.36 | 277 | 1.3 | |
Gh12 | 16.7 | 7.4 | 83.3 | 4.4 | 93 | 151 | 1.7 | 0.61 | 351 | 2.4 | |
Gh13 | 18.4 | 7.8 | 20.3 | 3.8 | 175 | 122 | 517 | 0.46 | 373 | 2.3 | |
Gh14 | 16.6 | 13.5 | 6.0 | 3.0 | 42 | 128 | 1.5 | 0.38 | 285 | 1.1 | |
Gh15 | 21.8 | 7.7 | 12.8 | 3.0 | 138 | 132 | 487 | 0.59 | 316 | 2.8 | |
Gh16 | 18.3 | 9.6 | 49.4 | 3.5 | 93 | 143 | 2.8 | 0.59 | 393 | 3.2 | |
Gh17 | 19.7 | 8.8 | 6.2 | 3.0 | 88 | 115 | 1.9 | 0.57 | 262 | 2.1 | |
Gh18 | 15.2 | 11.9 | 6.1 | 3.4 | 137 | 134 | 9.7 | 0.44 | 345 | 1.3 | |
Gh19 | 10.2 | 2.8 | 25.6 | 2.7 | 18 | 121 | 3.0 | 0.30 | 255 | 1.5 | |
Se21 | 14.9 | 7.9 | 4.8 | 3.0 | 24 | 116 | 4.8 | 0.38 | 260 | 1.4 | |
Se22 | 22.2 | 18.8 | 4.2 | 3.0 | 62 | 153 | 793 | 0.52 | 328 | 1.8 | |
With VM Premix | Be1 | 9.2 | 5.5 | 2.9 | 2.3 | 13 | 81 | 168 | 0.23 | 208 | 0.7 |
Be2 | 11.7 | 7.1 | 4.1 | 2.5 | 42 | 93 | 228 | 0.29 | 236 | 0.8 | |
Be3 | 15.9 | 6.6 | 28.2 | 2.8 | 81 | 116 | 258 | 0.43 | 282 | 1.4 | |
Be4 | 17.3 | 6.8 | 28.3 | 2.7 | 93 | 126 | 184 | 0.45 | 318 | 1.4 | |
Be5 | 7.7 | 4.6 | 9.2 | 1.3 | 77 | 49 | 48 | 0.18 | 149 | 0.6 | |
Be6 | 14.3 | 4.9 | 7.3 | 2.9 | 56 | 122 | 1.0 | 0.36 | 309 | 1.1 | |
BF27 | 15.5 | 10.4 | 11.7 | 10.8 | 223 | 151 | 342 | 0.74 | 263 | 2.0 | |
BF28 | 15.3 | 9.1 | 13.0 | 10.4 | 338 | 132 | 337 | 0.59 | 227 | 1.6 | |
BF29 | 16.6 | 11.5 | 16.6 | 13.2 | 417 | 135 | 315 | 0.79 | 109 | 1.9 | |
BF30 | 15.2 | 8.3 | 18.0 | 11.9 | 381 | 160 | 196 | 0.81 | 246 | 2.3 | |
BF31 | 13.3 | 7.4 | 13.7 | 10.4 | 272 | 107 | 304 | 0.55 | 150 | 1.4 | |
BF32 | 10.7 | 7.5 | 8.4 | 3.5 | 137 | 54 | 91 | 0.23 | 150 | 0.8 | |
BF33 | 8.5 | 5.8 | 5.0 | 3.9 | 155 | 55 | 213 | 0.20 | 159 | 0.3 | |
Se20 | 12.0 | 2.1 | 26.1 | 20.3 | 384 | 50 | 101 | 1.37 | 309 | 3.0 | |
I24 | 15.4 | 3.8 | 11.9 | 8.2 | 456 | 50 | 115 | 0.06 | 340 | 0.3 | |
I25 | 9.9 | 6.1 | 33.2 | 1.9 | 400 | 60 | 116 | 0.19 | 372 | 1.3 | |
I26 | 11.6 | 5.4 | 29.5 | 2.1 | 566 | 65 | 107 | 0.23 | 463 | 1.3 | |
I34 | 14.4 | 9.6 | 8.9 | 5.5 | 414 | 37 | 91 | 0.06 | 270 | 0.3 | |
Codex specifications a | Min | 6.5 d–8.6 e | 9.6 b,d | 6.2 c | 4.4 c | 536 | 64 | -- | 0.36 | 493 | 1.3 |
Max | 16.1 d–23.7 e | 19.4 d | - | - | - | - | 430 | - | - | - | |
Number of compliant products | 24 d–30 e | 8 | 24 | 9 | 1 | 23 | 29 | 20 | 0 | 18 |
Recommendations Figuring in the Codex Stan 074 Rev. 2006 | Number of Compliant Products Out of 32 (%) | |
---|---|---|
Information that MUST figure on the packaging | Ingredients | 29 (91) |
Nutritional composition and energy | 22 (69) | |
Provides instructions for appropriate preparation and use | 29 (91) | |
Provides instructions for safe and appropriate storage | 20 (63) | |
Batch number | 20 (63) | |
Expiry date | 31 (97) | |
Producer’s name | 29 (91) | |
Producer’s address | 32 (100) | |
National certification a | 13 (41) | |
Recommendations Based on the International Code and WHA Resolutions | Number of Compliant Products Out of 32 (%) | |
TO DO | Proposes a daily ration per serving | 9 (28) |
Specifies an appropriate age of introduction (from 6 months) | 18 (56) | |
If pictures are permitted by national laws, pictures of babies must show babies older than 6 months (with physical or developmental milestone reached after 6 months) | 7 (22) | |
States the importance of exclusive breastfeeding till 6 months | 1 (3) | |
Encourages continued breastfeeding up to 2 years old and beyond | 8 (25) | |
With the indication ‘‘Can Not replace breast milk’’ | 5 (16) | |
Recommendations based on the International Code and WHA resolutions | Number of NOT Compliant Products Out of 32 (%) | |
NOT TO BE DONE | States an age of introduction less than 6 months | 4 (13) |
If pictures are permitted by national laws, pictures of babies must not show a baby) less than 6 months old (ex: baby lying on its belly) | 4 (13) | |
Mentions whimsical or misleading allegations | 3 (9) |
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Dimaria, S.A.; Schwartz, H.; Icard-Vernière, C.; Picq, C.; Zagre, N.M.; Mouquet-Rivier, C. Adequacy of Some Locally Produced Complementary Foods Marketed in Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Senegal. Nutrients 2018, 10, 785. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10060785
Dimaria SA, Schwartz H, Icard-Vernière C, Picq C, Zagre NM, Mouquet-Rivier C. Adequacy of Some Locally Produced Complementary Foods Marketed in Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Senegal. Nutrients. 2018; 10(6):785. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10060785
Chicago/Turabian StyleDimaria, Sara Antonio, Hélène Schwartz, Christèle Icard-Vernière, Christian Picq, Noël Marie Zagre, and Claire Mouquet-Rivier. 2018. "Adequacy of Some Locally Produced Complementary Foods Marketed in Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Senegal" Nutrients 10, no. 6: 785. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10060785
APA StyleDimaria, S. A., Schwartz, H., Icard-Vernière, C., Picq, C., Zagre, N. M., & Mouquet-Rivier, C. (2018). Adequacy of Some Locally Produced Complementary Foods Marketed in Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Senegal. Nutrients, 10(6), 785. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10060785