Nutrient Intakes and Food Sources of Filipino Infants, Toddlers and Young Children are Inadequate: Findings from the National Nutrition Survey 2013
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Data Processing
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Charateristics of the Study Population
3.2. Nutrient Intakes and Food Sources of Infants (6–11.9 Month Olds)
3.3. Nutrient Intakes and Food Sources of Younger Toddlers (12–23.9 Month Olds)
3.4. Nutrient Intakes and Food Sources of Older Toddlers (24–35.9 Month Olds)
3.5. Nutrient Intakes and Food Sources of Young Children (36–59.9 Month Olds)
4. Discussion
4.1. Inadequate Nutrient Intakes
4.2. Low Food Variety and Diets Lack Nutrient-Dense Foods
4.3. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Milk & Milk Products | Vegetables | Cookies |
---|---|---|
Infant formula (powdered) | Dark green leafy vegetables | Biscuits |
Toddler/preschooler formula (powdered) | Spinach | Sweet breads |
Milk (liquid and powdered) | Broccoli | Cakes |
Cheese | Cabbage, green | Ice cream/popsicles |
Yoghurt | local leafy/petioles/salad vegetables | Candy |
Meats/poultry/fish/beans | Deep yellow vegetables | Sugar |
Beef | Carrot | Syrup |
Carabeef | Sweet potato, yellow | Preserves/jams/jellies |
Pork | Cassava, yellow | Native snacks |
Goat/lamb | Squash fruit | Savory snacks |
Chicken | Squash, summer fruit | Sugar sweetened beverages |
Duck | Other vegetables | Fruit-based beverages |
Sausages | Sweet potato | Concentrated fruit juice drinks |
Luncheon meats | Potato | Powdered fruit flavored drinks |
Cold cuts | Fruits & 100% fruit juice | Ready to drink fruit flavored drinks |
Fish | Fruits, fresh | Soft drinks (carbonated Cola) |
Eggs | Apple | Chocolate/chocolate flavor beverages (powdered) |
Beans/nuts | Avocado | Other sweetened beverages (liquid and powdered) |
Grains & grain products | Banana | Mixed dishes |
Cereal | Mango | Meat-based mixed dishes |
Bread | Melon | Bean-based mixed dishes |
Crackers | Citrus fruits | Grain-based mixed dishes |
Pancakes/waffles/French toast | Cherries/berries | Soups |
Rice | Papaya | Other |
Pasta | Food fruits, canned | Fats/oils |
Noodles | 100% fruit juice (lemon, mango, apple and pineapple) | Condiments/sauces/other seasonings |
Corn grits | Sweets & snacks | |
Cornmeal | Sweet bakery products |
n | % | ||
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Boy | 2143 | 50.3 |
Girl | 2121 | 49.7 | |
Age | 6–11.9 month | 362 | 8.5 |
12–23.9 month | 734 | 17.2 | |
24–35.9 month | 741 | 17.4 | |
36–59.9 months | 2427 | 56.9 | |
Wealth quintiles | Poorest | 1224 | 29.5 |
Poor | 880 | 21.2 | |
Middle | 820 | 19.8 | |
Rich | 684 | 16.5 | |
Richest | 542 | 13.1 | |
Region | Urban | 2378 | 55.8 |
Rural | 1886 | 44.2 | |
Underweight | 6–11.9 month | 54 | 1.3 |
12–23.9 month | 128 | 3.0 | |
24–35.9 month | 160 | 3.8 | |
36–59.9 months | 543 | 12.9 | |
All | 885 | 21.1 | |
Stunted | 6–11.9 month | 52 | 1.2 |
12–23.9 month | 198 | 4.7 | |
24–35.9 month | 235 | 5.6 | |
36–59.9 months | 740 | 17.7 | |
All | 1225 | 29.3 | |
Wasted | 6–11.9 month | 43 | 1.0 |
12–23.9 month | 50 | 1.2 | |
24–35.9 month | 40 | 1.0 | |
36–59.9 months | 105 | 2.5 | |
All | 239 | 5.7 | |
Overweight | 6–11.9 month | 14 | 0.4 |
12–23.9 month | 29 | 0.9 | |
24–35.9 month | 29 | 0.9 | |
36–59.9 months | 62 | 1.8 | |
All | 134 | 3.9 | |
Mother’s marital status | Single | 227 | 6.7 |
Married | 2325 | 68.7 | |
Live-in | 712 | 21.1 | |
Separated/divorced/widowed | 117 | 3.4 | |
Unknown | 2 | 0.1 | |
Mother’s education | No grade completed | 52 | 1.2 |
Elementary level | 828 | 21.7 | |
High school level | 1655 | 49.1 | |
Vocational level | 158 | 4.9 | |
College level | 794 | 22.9 | |
Others | 7 | 0.02 | |
Mother’s current work | No occupation | 2426 | 71.2 |
Student | 24 | 0.01 | |
With job/business | 920 | 28.1 |
Dietary Reference Intakes 1 | Mean/Median Intake Percentiles | Inadequate/Excessive Reported Intake | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nutrients | EAR/AMDR | AI/RNI | UL | 10th | 25th | Median | Mean ± SE | 75th | 90th | % < EAR/AMDR | %>AMDR/>UL |
Macronutrients | |||||||||||
Energy intake (kcal/day) | 638 (EER) | 443 | 497 | 610 | 688 ± 14 | 815 | 1066 | - | - | ||
Total fat (g/d) | - | - | - | 18.9 | 21.6 | 24.7 | 24.5 ± 0.5 | 30.7 | 40.8 | - | - |
Saturated fat (g/d) | - | - | - | 1.1 | 3.5 | 8.4 | 7.3 ± 0.2 | 10.4 | 11.8 | - | - |
Protein (g/d) | 13.5 | - | - | 14.8 | 11 | 14.8 | 18.6 ± 0.6 | 23 | 32.9 | 43 | - |
Carbohydrate (g/d) | - | - | - | 53 | 63 | 80 | 90.6 ± 2 | 109 | 145 | - | - |
Total sugars (g/d) | - | - | - | 6.1 | 26.1 | 31.7 | 34.9 ± 1.2 | 42.4 | 60.8 | - | - |
Dietary fiber (g/d) | - | - | - | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.6 | 2.7 | - | - |
As percentage of total energy | |||||||||||
Total Fat (%) | 30–40 | - | - | 27.5 | 33.2 | 37.9 | 36.7 ± 0.4 | 41.5 | 44.1 | 15 | 36 |
Protein (%) | 8–15 | - | - | 8.1 | 8.5 | 9.6 | 10.3 ± 0.1 | 11.6 | 13.5 | 7 | 5 |
Carbohydrate (%) | 45–62 | - | - | 45.3 | 48.6 | 51.7 | 52.9 ± 0.4 | 55.9 | 61.4 | 9 | 9 |
Antioxidants | |||||||||||
Vitamin C (mg/d) | - | - | 21.9 | 26.2 | 34.8 | 54.6 ± 2.3 | 72 | 120.5 | - | - | |
Vitamin E (mg/d) | - | 4 | - | 0.3 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 2.8 ± 0.2 | 3.6 | 8.4 | - | - |
B vitamins | |||||||||||
Thiamine (mg/d) | 0.3 | - | - | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.5 ± 0.03 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 52 | - |
Riboflavin (mg/d) | 0.3 | - | - | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 1.3 | 2 | 45 | - |
Niacin (mg/d) | 3.5 | - | - | 1 | 1.4 | 2.8 | 3.9 ± 0.2 | 5.5 | 8.4 | 58 | - |
Vitamin B6 (mg/d) | - | 0.25 | - | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.03 | 0.5 | 1 | - | - |
Folate (DFE µg/d) | - | 75 | - | 26 | 37 | 63 | 95.6 ± 5 | 122 | 217 | - | - |
Vitamin B12 (µg/d) | - | - | - | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.4 | 2.7 | - | - |
Bone-related nutrients | |||||||||||
Calcium (mg/d) | - | - | 153 | 182 | 303 | 522 ± 27 | 727 | 1170 | - | - | |
Phosphorus (mg/d) | - | - | 106 | 135 | 234 | 364 ± 18 | 485 | 804 | - | - | |
Magnesium (mg/d) | - | 50 | - | 17 | 24 | 37 | 53.1 ± 2.6 | 65 | 112 | - | - |
Vitamin D (µg/d) | - | 5 | 25 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 1.6 | 4.3 ± 0.3 | 5.4 | 12 | - | - |
Other micronutrients | |||||||||||
Vitamin A (µg RE/d) | 190 | - | 600 | 3.8 | 25.6 | 51.3 | 126 ± 12 | 126.3 | 269 | 84 | |
Iron (mg/d) | 8.4 | - | - | 1.6 | 2.2 | 3.7 | 6.5 ± 0.4 | 8.1 | 15.5 | 76 | - |
Zinc (mg/d) | 2.65 | - | 5 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 3 ± 0.1 | 3.8 | 7 | 63 | 18 |
Sodium (mg/d) | - | 200 | - | 126 | 167 | 245 | 303 ± 10 | 379 | 567 | - | - |
Potassium (mg/d) | - | 700 | 245 | 338 | 435 | 579 ± 22 | 694 | 1149 | - | - | |
Selenium (µg/d) | 7.75 | - | 60 | 6.6 | 12.2 | 15.7 | 18.6 ± 0.7 | 22.4 | 33.5 | 12 | 1 |
Percent Contribution to Total Daily Intake (Ranking of Top 5 Food Sources of Nutrients) | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Macronutrients | Vitamins | Minerals | |||||||||||||
Rank | Food Groups | % of Children | Mean Intake (SE) Per Capita (g) | Energy | Carbohydrate | Protein | Total Fat | Thiamine | Riboflavin | Vitamin A | Vitamin C | Calcium | Iron | Zinc | |
1 | Rice | 70.0 | 35.2 (7.6) | 11.7 (3) | 19.9 (3) | 8.9 (4) | 0.5 | 5.9 (5) | 1.8 (5) | 0 | 0 | 1.3 | 3.7 (4) | 6.6 (3) | |
2 | Human milk | 60.0 | 336.1 (5.4) | 33.9 (1) | 28.5 (1) | 25.8 (2) | 43.9 (1) | 7.6 (3) | 4.5 (4) | 6.7 (3) | 26.3 (2) | 17.3 (3) | 16.9 (3) | 21.2 (2) | |
3 | Infant formula | 35.1 | 38.6 (3.7) | 27.6 (2) | 24.8 (2) | 30.5 (1) | 31.5 (2) | 55.0 (1) | 52.9 (1) | 60.6 (1) | 56.3 (1) | 50.2 (1) | 44.5 (1) | 44.1 (1) | |
4 | Cookies | 25.4 | 3.6 (0.5) | 2.4 | 3.0 | 1.4 | 1.9 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.8 | |
5 | Cow’s milk | 14.9 | 12.2 (4.5) 1 | 8.2 (4) | 4.7 (5) | 15.5 (3) | 11.2 (3) | 6.5 (4) | 25.2 (2) | 22.9 (2) | 2.9 (4) | 18.9 (2) | 0.6 | 6.5 (4) | |
6 | Infant cereal | 14.3 | 7.6 (2.6) | 4.3 (5) | 5.0 (4) | 5.2 (5) | 2.5 (4) | 12.6 (2) | 7.5 (3) | 0.6 | 8.7 (3) | 5.5 (4) | 24.0 (2) | 6.2 (5) | |
7 | Vegetables | 11.4 | 2.3 (1.1) | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | |
8 | Grain-based mixed dishes | 10.3 | 12.5 (7.5) | 1.4 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0 | 1.7 | |
9 | Table sugar | 10.0 | 1.6 (1.2) | 0.9 | 1.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0 | |
10 | Fish | 9.7 | 1.5 (0.9) | 0.2 | 0 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 0 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.6 | |
11 | Eggs | 9.7 | 1.3 (0.7) | 0.3 | 0 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.7 | |
12 | Crackers | 8.6 | 1.1 (0.4) | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
13 | Bread | 8.3 | 2.0 (1.1) | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 0.6 | |
14 | Sugar sweetened beverages | 6.6 | 2.8 (2.8) 2 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 1.3 (5) | 1.3 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.9 | |
15 | Fruits | 5.4 | 3.1 (2.5) | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.2 | |
16 | Cakes | 5.1 | 1.0 (0.6) | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.3 | |
17 | Noodles | 5.1 | 0.7 (0.7) | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0.3 | |
18 | White corn | 4.3 | 1.4 (1.3) | 0.7 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.4 | |
19 | Sausages/luncheon meats | 4.3 | 1.4 (1.8) | 0.5 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.8 | |
20 | Toddler/preschooler formula | 3.7 | 3.0 (3.19 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 1.3 (5) | 2.3 | 2.3 | 1.6 (4) | 2.1 (5) | 2.9 (5) | 2.2 (5) | 5.1 | |
Total contribution of top 20 foods | 97.6 | 97.6 | 97.0 | 97.2 | 96.5 | 98.8 | 98.0 | 99.8 | 99.1 | 98.4 | 97.5 |
Dietary Reference Intakes 1 | Mean/Median Intake Percentiles | Inadequate/Excessive Reported Intake | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nutrients | EAR/AMDR | AI/RNI | UL | 10th | 25th | Median | Mean ± SE | 75th | 90th | % <EAR/AMDR | % >AMDR/ >UL |
Macronutrients | |||||||||||
Energy intake (kcal/day) | 784 (EER) | 444 | 560 | 717 | 771 ± 12 | 918 | 1159 | - | - | ||
Total fat (g/d) | - | - | - | 11.3 | 17.5 | 23.8 | 25.6 ± 0.5 | 31.3 | 42 | - | - |
Saturated fat (g/d) | - | - | - | 2.3 | 4.4 | 7.9 | 8.5 ± 0.2 | 11 | 14.6 | - | - |
Protein (g/d) | 14.5 | - | - | 11.2 | 15 | 20.8 | 23.3 ± 0.4 | 28.8 | 38.6 | 23 | - |
Carbohydrate (g/d) | - | - | - | 63 | 80 | 102 | 112 ± 2 | 132 | 169 | - | - |
Total sugars (g/d) | - | - | - | 6 | 17 | 29 | 31.6 ± 0.8 | 41 | 59 | - | - |
Dietary fiber (g/d) | - | 6–7 | - | 0.7 | 1.2 | 2 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 3.1 | 4.5 | - | - |
As percentage of total energy | |||||||||||
Total Fat (%) | 25–35 a | - | - | 18 | 24.1 | 30.3 | 29.6 ± 0.3 | 35.7 | 40.1 | 28 | 28 |
Protein (%) | 6–15 a | - | - | 8.6 | 9.8 | 11.5 | 11.9 ± 0.1 | 13.6 | 15.6 | <1 | 13 |
Carbohydrate (%) | 50–69 a | - | - | 47.1 | 52 | 57.6 | 58.4 ± 0.3 | 64.3 | 70.9 | 18 | 13 |
Antioxidants | |||||||||||
Vitamin C (mg/d) | 11.5 | - | 400 | 5.3 | 14.2 | 24.5 | 31.9 ± 1.1 | 37.7 | 69 | 21 | 0 |
Vitamin E (mg/d) | - | - | - | 0.3 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 2.7 | 5 | - | - |
B vitamins | |||||||||||
Thiamine (mg/d) | 0.4 | - | - | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 ± 0.01 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 59 | - |
Riboflavin (mg/d) | 0.4 | - | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.03 | 1.1 | 1.9 | 42 | - | |
Niacin (mg/d) | 5 | - | 10 | 1.8 | 2.8 | 4.5 | 5.3 ± 0.1 | 7 | 10 | 57 | 10 |
Vitamin B6 (mg/d) | 0.45 | - | 30 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.6 ± 0.05 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 61 | <1 |
Folate (DFE µg/d) | 120 | - | - | 28 | 47 | 81 | 223 ± 3 | 142 | 236 | 68 | - |
Vitamin B12 (µg/d) | 0.85 | - | - | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 1.1 ± 0.03 | 1.5 | 2.3 | 53 | - |
Bone-related nutrients | |||||||||||
Calcium (mg/d) | 440 | - | 2500 | 121 | 179 | 321 | 479 ± 16 | 640 | 1058 | 62 | <1 |
Phosphorus (mg/d) | 380 | - | 3000 | 148 | 210 | 334 | 424 ± 11 | 551 | 826 | 57 | 0 |
Magnesium (mg/d) | - | 60 | 65 | 22 | 32 | 48 | 57.1 ± 1.4 | 72 | 105 | - | - |
Vitamin D (µg/d) | - | 5 | 50 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 3 | 6.2 | - | 0 |
Other micronutrients | |||||||||||
Vitamin A (µg RE/d) | 186.5 | - | 600 | 27 | 64 | 138 | 231 ± 10 | 307 | 554 | 60 | 8 |
Iron (mg/d) | 6.7 | - | - | 1.5 | 2.3 | 3.6 | 4.9 ± 0.1 | 6.2 | 10.1 | 78 | - |
Zinc (mg/d) | 2.7 | - | 7 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 2.6 | 4.2 ± 0.2 | 4.5 | 8.1 | 52 | 13 |
Sodium (mg/d) | - | 225 | - | 189 | 288 | 438 | 517 ± 13 | 654 | 933 | - | - |
Potassium (mg/d) | - | 700 | 231 | 322 | 453 | 539 ± 13 | 663 | 953 | - | - | |
Selenium (µg/d) | 13.3 | - | 90 | 12.8 | 18.2 | 26.1 | 30.5 ± 0.7 | 38 | 53.5 | 11 | 1 |
Percent Contribution to Total Daily Intake (Ranking of Top 5 Food Sources of Nutrients) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Macronutrients | Vitamins | Minerals | ||||||||||||
Rank | Food Groups | % of Children | Mean Intake (SE) Per Capita [g] | Energy | Carbohydrate | Protein | Total Fat | Thiamine | Riboflavin | Vitamin A | Vitamin C | Calcium | Iron | Zinc |
1 | Rice | 91.2 | 62.3 (4.3) | 24.3 (1) | 36.1 (1) | 16.1 (1) | 1.1 | 12.2 (3) | 3.6 (4) | 0 | 0 | 3.0 (4) | 10.9 (3) | 12.2 (3) |
2 | Human milk | 37.0 | 181.7 (3.4) | 15.9 (2) | 12.1 (2) | 10.9 (2) | 25.1 (1) | 4.2 (5) | 2.3 | 3.5 (5) | 23.1 (2) | 9.7 (3) | 11.3 (2) | 9.4 (4) |
3 | Cow’s milk | 35.2 | 23.0 (2.2) 1 | 12.7 (3) | 6.8 (4) | 10.9 (3) | 20.9 (2) | 13.0 (2) | 43.4 (1) | 36.9 (1) | 8.4 (3) | 35.7 (1) | 2.4 | 11.0 (2) |
4 | Fish | 34.7 | 8.4 (0.6) | 1.2 | 0 | 7.5 (5) | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 3.3 | 0 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 3.0 |
5 | Vegetables | 27.6 | 6.4 (0.6) | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 4.9 (4) | 4.1 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 0.4 |
6 | Cookies | 24.8 | 4.9 (0.5) | 2.9 (5) | 3.1 (5) | 1.4 | 2.9 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 0.8 |
7 | Toddler/preschooler formula | 22.8 | 23.3 (2.7) | 11.4 (4) | 10.1 (3) | 12.8 (4) | 13.4 (3) | 22.8 (1) | 22.9 (2) | 20.1 (2) | 30.3 (1) | 30.0 (2) | 29.5 (1) | 33.0 (1) |
8 | Bread | 21.1 | 6.0 (0.8) | 2.5 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 0.9 | 3.4 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.6 | 3.8 | 1.6 |
9 | Noodles | 20.3 | 4.6 (0.9) | 2.6 | 2.6 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 4.0 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1.7 | 1.6 |
10 | Eggs | 19.9 | 5.4 (0.8) | 1.0 | 0.1 | 2.9 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 2.8 (5) | 3.1 | 0 | 0.4 | 2.0 | 2.2 |
11 | Sugar sweetened beverages | 19.6 | 14.3 (2.7) 2 | 2.1 | 3.0 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 12.0 (4) | 4.1 (3) | 7.1 (3) | 7.4 (4) | 2.7 (5) | 5.4 (4) | 4.9 (5) |
12 | Table sugar | 19.3 | 3.1 (0.8) | 1.6 | 2.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0 |
13 | Crackers | 18.1 | 3.9 (0.6) | 2.4 | 2.2 | 1.5 | 3.2 (5) | 1.9 | 0.9 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 1.4 | 0.9 |
14 | Fruits | 14.4 | 9.2 (2.4) | 1.0 | 1.6 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 7.4 (5) | 0.8 | 1.2 | 0.4 |
15 | Sausages/luncheon meats | 12.7 | 5.6 (1.4) | 2.0 | 0.3 | 3.6 | 4.6 (4) | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 0 | 0.4 | 5.1 (5) | 3.2 |
16 | Pork | 9.7 | 2.7 (0.7) | 1.0 | 0.1 | 1.8 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 0.8 | 2.9 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 2.6 |
17 | Chicken | 9.7 | 2.4 (0.7) | 0.5 | 0 | 2.0 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.9 |
18 | Cakes | 9.4 | 3.6 (1.1) | 1.7 | 1.8 | 0.9 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 1.4 | 0 | 0.8 | 1.7 | 0.8 |
19 | Grain-based mixed dishes without meat | 9.1 | 17.3 (5.8) | 1.8 | 2.3 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 0 | 0.3 | 0 | 1.9 |
20 | White corn | 6.6 | 3.9 (1.6) | 1.8 | 2.7 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.8 |
Total contribution of top 20 foods | 90.9 | 91.5 | 81.4 | 85.3 | 85.9 | 89.6 | 87.9 | 81.1 | 90.4 | 83.6 | 91.6 |
Dietary Reference Intakes 1 | Mean/Median Intake Percentiles | Inadequate/Excessive Reported Intake | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nutrients | EAR/AMDR | AI/RNI | UL | 10th | 25th | Median | Mean ± SE | 75th | 90th | % < EAR/AMDR | %>AMDR/>UL |
Macronutrients | |||||||||||
Energy intake (kcal/day) | 962 (EER) | 454 | 591 | 783 | 839 ± 13 | 1025 | 1294 | - | - | ||
Total fat (g/d) | - | - | - | 8.1 | 12.8 | 20.3 | 23.3 ± 0.5 | 30.5 | 42.5 | - | - |
Saturated fat (g/d) | - | - | - | 3 | 4.5 | 6.9 | 8.8 ± 0.3 | 10.7 | 16.3 | - | - |
Protein (g/d) | 14.5 | - | - | 13.1 | 18 | 25 | 27.5 ± 0.5 | 34.3 | 44.8 | 14 | - |
Carbohydrate (g/d) | - | - | - | 73 | 93 | 122 | 129 ± 2 | 157 | 196 | - | - |
Total sugars (g/d) | - | - | - | 7 | 13 | 24 | 28.8 ± 0.8 | 39 | 57 | - | - |
Dietary fiber (g/d) | - | 6–7 | - | 1.6 | 2.3 | 3.2 | 3.5 ± 0.1 | 4.4 | 6.5 | - | - |
As percentage of total energy | |||||||||||
Total Fat (%) | 25–35 a | - | - | 12.7 | 17.4 | 23.1 | 23.4 ± 0.3 | 29.2 | 34.4 | 58 | 9 |
Protein (%) | 6–15 a | - | - | 9.7 | 11.1 | 12.7 | 12.9 ± 0.1 | 14.6 | 16.5 | <1 | 21 |
Carbohydrate (%) | 50–69 a | - | - | 50.8 | 57.1 | 63.9 | 63.6 ± 0.4 | 70.4 | 76 | 9 | 30 |
Antioxidants | |||||||||||
Vitamin C (mg/d) | 11.5 | - | 400 | 4.5 | 9 | 16 | 23.1 ± 0.8 | 29.4 | 49.8 | 35 | 0 |
Vitamin E (mg/d) | - | - | - | 0.5 | 0.9 | 1.6 | 2 ± 0.1 | 2.7 | 4.1 | - | - |
B vitamins | |||||||||||
Thiamine (mg/d) | 0.4 | - | - | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 ± 0.01 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 46 | - |
Riboflavin (mg/d) | 0.4 | - | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.8 ± 0.03 | 1 | 1.7 | 35 | - | |
Niacin (mg/d) | 5 | - | 10 | 3.3 | 4.6 | 6.5 | 7.1 ± 0.1 | 9 | 11.1 | 30 | 18 |
Vitamin B6 (mg/d) | 0.45 | - | 30 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.04 | 0.9 | 1.6 | 40 | 0 |
Folate (DFE µg/d) | 120 | - | - | 36 | 59 | 96 | 115 ± 3 | 150 | 216 | 63 | - |
Vitamin B12 (µg/d) | 0.85 | - | - | 0.5 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 1.6 ± 0.04 | 2 | 3 | 29 | - |
Bone-related nutrients | |||||||||||
Calcium (mg/d) | 440 | - | 2500 | 82 | 148 | 295 | 421 ± 14 | 565 | 936 | 66 | <1 |
Phosphorus (mg/d) | 380 | - | 3000 | 191 | 278 | 414 | 476 ± 10 | 605 | 838 | 44 | 0 |
Magnesium (mg/d) | - | 60 | 65 | 33 | 46 | 64 | 71.5 ± 1.4 | 91 | 118 | - | - |
Vitamin D (µg/d) | - | 5 | - | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 3 | 5 | - | - |
Other micronutrients | |||||||||||
Vitamin A (µg RE/d) | 186.5 | - | 600 | 54 | 115 | 229 | 365 ± 18 | 430 | 772 | 41 | 15 |
Iron (mg/d) | 6.7 | - | - | 1.9 | 2.7 | 4.2 | 5.2 ± 0.1 | 6.6 | 9.8 | 75 | - |
Zinc (mg/d) | 2.7 | - | 7 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 2.9 | 5 ± 0.1 | 4.3 | 6.2 | 46 | 7 |
Sodium (mg/d) | - | 225 | - | 252 | 381 | 572 | 646 ± 14 | 827 | 1130 | - | - |
Potassium (mg/d) | - | 700 | 256 | 352 | 497 | 555 ± 11 | 693 | 926 | - | - | |
Selenium (µg/d) | 13.3 | - | 90 | 18 | 26 | 36 | 38.9 ± 0.7 | 59 | 64 | 3 | 2 |
Percent contribution to total daily intake (ranking of top 5 food sources of nutrients) | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Macronutrients | Vitamins | Minerals | |||||||||||||
Rank | Food Groups | % of Children | Mean Intake Per Capita (g) | Energy | Carbohydrate | Protein | Total Fat | Thiamine | Riboflavin | Vitamin A | Vitamin C | Calcium | Iron | Zinc | |
1 | Rice | 96 | 76.8 (2.1) | 33.1 (1) | 47.6 (1) | 20.9 (1) | 1.8 | 15.3 (1) | 5.0 (4) | 0 | 0 | 5.2 (4) | 15.7 (1) | 18.5 (1) | |
2 | Fish | 50 | 16.9 (1.1) | 2.3 | 0.1 | 12.8 (3) | 2.6 | 2.5 | 3.2 | 5.8 | 0 | 5.5 (3) | 4.4 | 4.7 | |
3 | Vegetables | 39 | 13.9 (1.2) | 1.2 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 2.4 | 1.5 | 8.3 (5) | 11.7 (5) | 1.9 | 3.0 | 1.1 | |
4 | Cow’s milk | 38 | 25.4 (2.3) 1 | 12.6 (2) | 6.4 (2) | 19.4 (2) | 25.0 (1) | 13.0 (3) | 45.9 (1) | 34.8 (1) | 11.8 (4) | 43.4 (1) | 2.3 | 11.7 (3) | |
5 | Sugar sweetened beverages | 33 | 29.8 (3.4) 2 | 3.6 | 4.9 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 16.6 (3) | 7.2 (3) | 10.1 (3) | 23.6 (1) | 5.1 (5) | 8.7 (3) | 7.9 (4) | |
6 | Table sugar | 29 | 3.3 (0.5) | 1.6 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0 | |
7 | Bread | 28 | 12.0 (1.1) | 4.9 (4) | 5.9 (3) | 4.7 | 2.2 | 6.0 | 2.3 | 1.0 | 0 | 1.5 | 7.7 (4) | 3.3 | |
8 | Noodles | 27 | 7.6 (0.9) | 3.9 (5) | 3.8 (5) | 2.8 | 5.1 (5) | 6.6 (5) | 1.6 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 2.8 | 2.6 | |
9 | Eggs | 25 | 5.3 (0.7) | 1.3 | 3.1 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 1.1 | 4.0 (5) | 3.9 | 0 | 0.6 | 2.6 | 3.0 | |
10 | Cookies | 20 | 5.3 (0.7) | 3.1 | 2.1 | 1.3 | 4.0 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 0.9 | |
11 | Fruits | 17 | 11.0 (2.0) | 1.1 | 1.7 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 17.0 (3) | 0.8 | 1.5 | 0.5 | |
12 | Pork | 16 | 7.4 (1.4) | 2.7 | 0.1 | 4.7 | 8.2 (3) | 5.7 | 2.9 | 12.1 (2) | 0.6 | 0.4 | 2.8 | 7.2 (5) | |
13 | Chicken | 16 | 7.4 (1.4) | 1.3 | 0 | 5.6 (5) | 2.5 | 0.8 | 1.7 | 3.4 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 2.0 | 3.3 | |
14 | Toddler/preschooler formula | 15 | 12.6 (2.2) | 5.8 (3) | 4.7 (4) | 5.7 (4) | 8.7 (2) | 11.2 (4) | 12.5 (2) | 9.3 (4) | 22.0 (2) | 20.5 (2) | 15.7 (2) | 18.1 (2) | |
15 | Sausages/luncheon meats | 14 | 7.3 (1.4) | 2.3 | 0.5 | 3.8 | 6.5 (4) | 1.4 | 1.2 | 1.9 | 0 | 0.5 | 6.5 (5) | 4.2 | |
16 | Crackers | 14 | 3.5 (0.5) | 2.1 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 3.4 | 1.5 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 0.8 | |
17 | Human milk | 11 | 9.9 (0.4) | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.5 | |
18 | Cakes | 11 | 4.5 (1.2) | 2.1 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 2.7 | 1.7 | 0.5 | 1.7 | 0 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 0.9 | |
19 | Candy | 10 | 2.2 (0.5) | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 1.0 | |
20 | Beans, nuts & peas | 6 | 1.6 (1.4) | 0.6 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.6 | |
Total contribution of top 20 foods | 87.7 | 91.3 | 92.2 | 81.5 | 90.1 | 93.0 | 94.4 | 89.6 | 92.5 | 83.4 | 90.8 |
Dietary Reference Intakes 1 | Mean/Median Intake Percentiles | Inadequate/Excessive Reported Intake | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nutrients | EAR/AMDR | AI/RNI | UL | 10th | 25th | Median | Mean ± SE | 75th | 90th | % < EAR/AMDR | %>AMDR/>UL |
Macronutrients | |||||||||||
Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1119 (EER) | 596 | 747 | 949 | 997 ± 7 | 1195 | 1458 | - | - | ||
Total fat (g/d) | - | - | - | 8 | 13 | 21 | 24.1 ± 0.3 | 31 | 44 | - | - |
Saturated fat (g/d) | - | - | - | 3 | 5 | 8 | 11 ± 0.2 | 13 | 21 | - | - |
Protein (g/d) | 17.5 | - | - | 18 | 23 | 30 | 31.5 ± 0.3 | 38 | 48 | 10 | - |
Carbohydrate (g/d) | - | - | - | 99 | 124 | 156 | 164 ± 1 | 195 | 237 | - | - |
Total sugars (g/d) | - | - | - | 8 | 15 | 25 | 28.8 ± 0.4 | 38 | 54 | - | - |
Dietary fiber (g/d) | - | 8–10 | - | 2.7 | 3.4 | 4.5 | 4.9 ± 0.04 | 5.9 | 7.4 | - | - |
As percentage of total energy | |||||||||||
Total Fat (%) | 15–30 a | - | - | 10 | 15 | 20 | 20.2 ± 0.2 | 26 | 31 | 27 | 12 |
Protein (%) | 6–15 a | - | - | 10 | 11 | 13 | 12.7 ± 0.04 | 14 | 15 | 0 | 13 |
Carbohydrate (%) | 55–79 a | - | - | 55 | 61 | 68 | 67.1 ± 0.2 | 74 | 78 | 10 | 8 |
Antioxidants | |||||||||||
Vitamin C (mg/d) | 17 | - | 650 | 5 | 8 | 14 | 16.9 ± 0.3 | 22 | 33 | 60 | 0 |
Vitamin E (mg/d) | 5 | - | 0.9 | 1.4 | 2.1 | 2.4 ± 0.03 | 3 | 4.2 | - | - | |
B vitamins | |||||||||||
Thiamine (mg/d) | 0.45 | - | - | 0.25 | 0.35 | 0.49 | 0.54 ± 0.01 | 0.68 | 0.89 | 43 | - |
Riboflavin (mg/d) | 0.45 | - | - | 0.22 | 0.32 | 0.51 | 0.61 ± 0.01 | 0.78 | 1.12 | 43 | - |
Niacin (mg/d) | 5 | - | 15 | 4.8 | 6.3 | 8.4 | 8.92 ± 0.07 | 11 | 13.7 | 12 | 6 |
Vitamin B6 (mg/d) | 0.5 | - | 40 | 0.36 | 0.47 | 0.7 | 1.3 ± 0.03 | 1.36 | 2.85 | 29 | - |
Folate (DFE µg/d) | 160 | - | 400 | 55 | 80 | 119 | 123 ± 3 | 167 | 221 | 72 | 0 |
Vitamin B12 (µg/d) | 0.95 | - | - | 1.03 | 1.39 | 1.94 | 2.1 ± 0.02 | 2.67 | 3.5 | 7 | - |
Bone-related nutrients | |||||||||||
Calcium (mg/d) | 440 | - | 2500 | 107 | 156 | 239 | 286 ± 4 | 365 | 526 | 84 | 0 |
Phosphorus (mg/d) | 405 | - | 3000 | 262 | 346 | 461 | 493 ± 4 | 604 | 763 | 38 | 0 |
Magnesium (mg/d) | - | 70 | - | 51 | 66 | 85 | 91.1 ± 0.7 | 110 | 138 | - | - |
Vitamin D (µg/d) | - | 5 | - | 0.9 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 2.2 ± 0.03 | 2.8 | 3.9 | - | - |
Other micronutrients | |||||||||||
Vitamin A (µg RE/d) | 220 | - | 900 | 104 | 161 | 244 | 279 ± 3.5 | 356 | 493 | 43 | 1 |
Iron (mg/d) | 7.5 | - | - | 2.4 | 3.6 | 5 | 5.6 ± 0.06 | 6.9 | 9.3 | 90 | - |
Zinc (mg/d) | 3.25 | - | 12 | 1.9 | 2.5 | 3.4 | 4.8 ± 0.1 | 5.3 | 10.1 | 47 | 6 |
Sodium (mg/d) | - | 300 | - | 319 | 470 | 681 | 740 ± 8 | 946 | 1238 | - | - |
Potassium (mg/d) | - | 1400 | - | 366 | 465 | 607 | 647 ± 5 | 786 | 984 | - | - |
Selenium (µg/d) | 15.85 | - | 150 | 28 | 37 | 49 | 51.7 ± 0.4 | 63 | 79 | 1 | - |
Percent Contribution to Total Daily Intake (Ranking of Top 5 Food Sources of Nutrients) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Macronutrients | Vitamins | Minerals | ||||||||||||
Rank | Food Groups | % of Children | Mean Intake Per Capita (g) | Energy | Carbohydrate | Protein | Total Fat | Thiamine | Riboflavin | Vitamin A | Vitamin C | Calcium | Iron | Zinc |
1 | Rice | 93.2 | 114.5 (0.6) | 41.2 (1) | 55.5 (1) | 27.0 (1) | 2.8 | 21.3 (1) | 8.8 (3) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 10.8 (3) | 21.6 (1) | 26.0 (1) |
2 | Fish | 55.7 | 23.5 (0.4) | 2.7 | 0.1 | 15.5 (2) | 3.4 | 2.9 | 5.3 (5) | 10.2 (4) | 0.0 | 12.3 (2) | 6.1 (5) | 7.1 (4) |
3 | Vegetables | 45.1 | 19.8 (0.6) | 1.5 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 3.5 | 2.9 | 15.5 (3) | 21.8 (3) | 4.4 (5) | 3.9 | 1.5 |
4 | Sugar sweetened beverages | 42.6 | 50.1 (1.9) 1 | 4.5 (4) | 5.9 (3) | 1.5 | 1.8 | 18.9 (2) | 10.5 (2) | 15.8 (2) | 36.2 (1) | 9.6 (4) | 10.1 (2) | 9.4 (3) |
5 | Cow’s milk | 31.5 | 16.1 (0.8) 2 | 5.4 (2) | 2.7 (5) | 8.6 (3) | 12.5 (2) | 6.6 (4) | 27.9 (1) | 20.9 (1) | 7.5 (4) | 31.9 (1) | 1.5 | 6.3 (5) |
6 | Table sugar | 30.0 | 3.0 (0.1) | 1.2 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 |
7 | Bread | 29.3 | 15.9 (0.6) | 5.3 (3) | 6.0 (2) | 5.4 | 2.9 | 7.2 (5) | 3.5 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 2.7 | 9.2 (4) | 4.0 |
8 | Eggs | 26.5 | 9.8 (0.4) | 1.4 | 0.1 | 4.0 | 4.3 | 1.4 | 6.1 (4) | 6.4 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 3.1 | 3.8 |
9 | Noodles | 24.8 | 8.8 (0.4) | 3.9 (5) | 3.4 (4) | 2.8 | 6.2 (4) | 6.1 | 2.0 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 2.9 | 2.8 |
10 | Pork | 20.8 | 11.2 (0.7) | 3.5 | 0.2 | 6.0 (5) | 12.7 (1) | 8.1 (3) | 3.9 | 5.3 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 2.9 | 10.5 (2) |
11 | Sausages/luncheon meats | 17.3 | 11.7 (0.8) | 3.1 | 0.5 | 5.3 | 10.3 (3) | 2.2 | 2.5 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 9.3 (3) | 6.1 |
12 | Cookies | 17.2 | 5.4 (0.4) | 2.6 | 2.4 | 1.1 | 4.2 (5) | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 0.9 |
13 | Chicken | 17.1 | 9.6 (0.6) | 1.5 | 0.0 | 6.1 (4) | 3.4 | 1.6 | 3.5 | 7.9 (5) | 1.3 (5) | 1.6 | 2.3 | 3.6 |
14 | Fruits | 16.7 | 14.3 (1.3) | 1.3 | 1.7 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 23.6 (2) | 1.3 | 1.8 | 0.7 |
15 | Cakes | 13.6 | 6.6 (0.6) | 2.5 | 2.4 | 1.2 | 3.7 | 2.2 | 0.9 | 2.8 | 0.0 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 1.2 |
16 | Crackers | 12.6 | 3.7 (0.2) | 1.8 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 3.5 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 0.8 |
17 | Candy | 9.7 | 1.9 (0.2) | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 0.9 |
18 | Beans, nuts & peas | 8.5 | 2.3 (0.4) | 0.9 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.8 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 1.1 |
19 | Savory snacks | 8.2 | 2.0 (0.5) | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.6 |
20 | Sweet biscuits | 6.5 | 2.1 (0.2) | 1.0 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 1.7 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.1 |
Total contribution of top 20 foods | 87.1 | 89.1 | 90.2 | 78.6 | 88.9 | 82.9 | 93.4 | 91.9 | 88.0 | 84.2 | 87.2 |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Denney, L.; Angeles-Agdeppa, I.; Capanzana, M.V.; Toledo, M.B.; Donohue, J.; Carriquiry, A. Nutrient Intakes and Food Sources of Filipino Infants, Toddlers and Young Children are Inadequate: Findings from the National Nutrition Survey 2013. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1730. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111730
Denney L, Angeles-Agdeppa I, Capanzana MV, Toledo MB, Donohue J, Carriquiry A. Nutrient Intakes and Food Sources of Filipino Infants, Toddlers and Young Children are Inadequate: Findings from the National Nutrition Survey 2013. Nutrients. 2018; 10(11):1730. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111730
Chicago/Turabian StyleDenney, Liya, Imelda Angeles-Agdeppa, Mario V. Capanzana, Marvin B. Toledo, Juliana Donohue, and Alicia Carriquiry. 2018. "Nutrient Intakes and Food Sources of Filipino Infants, Toddlers and Young Children are Inadequate: Findings from the National Nutrition Survey 2013" Nutrients 10, no. 11: 1730. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111730
APA StyleDenney, L., Angeles-Agdeppa, I., Capanzana, M. V., Toledo, M. B., Donohue, J., & Carriquiry, A. (2018). Nutrient Intakes and Food Sources of Filipino Infants, Toddlers and Young Children are Inadequate: Findings from the National Nutrition Survey 2013. Nutrients, 10(11), 1730. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111730