Effects of Whole Milk Supplementation on Gut Microbiota and Cardiometabolic Biomarkers in Subjects with and without Lactose Malabsorption
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participants
2.2. Milk Intervention and Dietary Intake Assessment
2.3. Cardiometabolic Biomarkers Measurement
2.4. Fecal Samples Collection and DNA Extraction
2.5. 16S Ribosomal RNA Gene Sequencing
2.6. Fecal Microbiota Analysis
2.7. Fecal SCFA Analysis
2.8. Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR)
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Fecal Microbiota
3.2. Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids Concentrations
3.3. Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Markers
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | LM (n = 31) | LA (n = 31) | P |
---|---|---|---|
Gender (Male/Female) | 22/9 | 22/9 | 1.00 |
Age (years) | 24.7 ± 0.4 | 24.8 ± 0.4 | 0.86 |
Height (cm) | 170.0 ± 1.4 | 169.6 ± 1.4 | 0.86 |
Weight (kg) | 62.8 ± 2.2 | 64.5 ± 2.1 | 0.58 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 21.6 ± 0.6 | 22.3 ± 0.6 | 0.42 |
Waist-hip ratio | 0.81 ± 0.01 | 0.82 ± 0.01 | 0.57 |
DBP (mmHg) | 75.6 ± 1.1 | 75.7 ± 1.7 | 0.98 |
SBP (mmHg) | 115.9 ± 1.9 | 116.2 ± 2.4 | 0.92 |
FPG (mmol/L) | 5.14 ± 0.06 | 5.15 ± 0.07 | 0.89 |
FPI (mU/L) | 5.72 ± 0.63 | 5.86 ± 0.64 | 0.91 |
HOMA-IR | 1.30 ± 0.15 | 1.36 ± 0.16 | 0.89 |
TG (mmol/L) | 0.74 ± 0.07 | 0.86 ± 0.06 | 0.09 |
TC (mmol/L) | 4.22 ± 0.15 | 4.19 ± 0.22 | 0.93 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.52 ± 0.14 | 2.39 ± 0.14 | 0.51 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.32 ± 0.06 | 1.40 ± 0.08 | 0.40 |
Dairy intake (servings/day) | 0.51 ± 0.12 | 0.58 ± 0.13 | 0.34 |
ΔH2 (ppm) | 73.8 ± 7.3 | 11.7 ± 0.8 | <0.01 |
Parameters | LM (n = 31) | LA (n = 31) | P | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | Pre | Post | ||
Weight (kg) | 62.8 ± 2.2 | 62.5 ± 2.2 | 64.5 ± 2.1 | 64.0 ± 2.2 | 0.55 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 21.6 ± 0.6 | 21.5 ± 0.6 | 22.3 ± 0.6 | 22.2 ± 0.6 | 0.60 |
Body fat mass (kg) | 13.6 ± 1.1 | 12.3 ± 1.1 * | 13.9 ± 1.2 | 12.9 ± 1.1 ** | 0.54 |
Lean mass (kg) | 27.4 ± 1.0 | 28.2 ± 1.1 | 28.5 ± 1.1 | 28.6 ± 1.1 | 0.25 |
Body fat (%) | 21.5 ± 1.2 | 19.5 ± 1.3 * | 21.4 ± 1.4 | 19.9 ± 1.3 ** | 0.56 |
DBP (mmHg) | 75.6 ± 1.1 | 74.5 ± 1.2 | 75.7 ± 1.7 | 78.6 ± 1.6 | 0.15 |
SBP (mmHg) | 115.9 ± 1.9 | 114.4 ± 1.7 | 116.2 ± 2.4 | 112.9 ± 2.0 | 0.47 |
FPG (mmol/L) | 5.14 ± 0.06 | 5.20 ± 0.06 | 5.15 ± 0.07 | 5.28 ± 0.07 | 0.45 |
FPI (mU/L) | 5.72 ± 0.63 | 6.22 ± 0.59 | 5.86 ± 0.64 | 5.48 ± 0.53 | 0.78 |
HOMA-IR | 1.30 ± 0.15 | 1.45 ± 0.15 | 1.36 ± 0.16 | 1.22 ± 0.14 | 0.39 |
C-peptide (nmol/L) | 0.45 ± 0.03 | 0.44 ± 0.03 | 0.45 ± 0.04 | 0.43 ± 0.03 | 0.84 |
TG (mmol/L) | 0.74 ± 0.07 | 0.77 ± 0.07 | 0.86 ± 0.06 | 0.92 ± 0.09 | 0.85 |
TC (mmol/L) | 4.22 ± 0.15 | 4.08 ± 0.14 | 4.19 ± 0.22 | 3.88 ± 0.16 | 0.93 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.52 ± 0.14 | 2.52 ± 0.13 | 2.39 ± 0.14 | 2.50 ± 0.13 | 0.42 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.32 ± 0.06 | 1.33 ± 0.07 | 1.40 ± 0.08 | 1.36 ± 0.07 | 0.52 |
CRP (μg/mL) | 0.68 ± 0.22 | 0.81 ± 0.22 | 0.80 ± 0.31 | 0.66 ± 0.20 | 0.71 |
MDA (nmol/mL) | 4.95 ± 0.19 | 4.87 ± 0.19 | 4.92 ± 0.19 | 4.84 ± 0.15 | 0.98 |
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Li, X.; Yin, J.; Zhu, Y.; Wang, X.; Hu, X.; Bao, W.; Huang, Y.; Chen, L.; Chen, S.; Yang, W.; et al. Effects of Whole Milk Supplementation on Gut Microbiota and Cardiometabolic Biomarkers in Subjects with and without Lactose Malabsorption. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1403. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101403
Li X, Yin J, Zhu Y, Wang X, Hu X, Bao W, Huang Y, Chen L, Chen S, Yang W, et al. Effects of Whole Milk Supplementation on Gut Microbiota and Cardiometabolic Biomarkers in Subjects with and without Lactose Malabsorption. Nutrients. 2018; 10(10):1403. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101403
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Xiaoqin, Jiawei Yin, Yalun Zhu, Xiaoqian Wang, Xiaoli Hu, Wei Bao, Yue Huang, Liangkai Chen, Sijing Chen, Wei Yang, and et al. 2018. "Effects of Whole Milk Supplementation on Gut Microbiota and Cardiometabolic Biomarkers in Subjects with and without Lactose Malabsorption" Nutrients 10, no. 10: 1403. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101403