Erythrocyte Saturated Fatty Acids and Incident Type 2 Diabetes in Chinese Men and Women: A Prospective Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
- (1)
- a history of a self-reported cancer (n = 19) and chronic renal dysfunction (n = 4);
- (2)
- diabetes at baseline (n = 323);
- (3)
- without measurement of erythrocyte fatty acids (FAs) (n = 392);
- (4)
- extreme dietary total energy intake (men, <800 kcal/day or >4000 kcal/day; women, <500 kcal/day or >3500 kcal/day; n = 35);
- (5)
- diet variables (n = 41) or fasting glucose (n = 80) data missing;
- (6)
- loss of follow-up (n = 471, 85% follow-up rate).
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Ascertainment of Incident T2D
2.4. Measurement of FAs Relative Composition in Erythrocyte
2.5. Measurement of Biochemical Parameters
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Baseline Characteristics | Future Cases (n = 216) | Non-Cases (n = 2467) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) or Percentage | |||
Age (year) | 59.0 (5.7) | 57.9 (5.7) | 0.004 |
Sex (% female) | 67.6 | 69.9 | 0.483 |
Weight (kg) | 63.0 (9.9) | 58.5 (9.5) | <0.001 |
Height (cm) | 159 (7.8) | 159 (7.5) | 0.609 |
Body mass index, BMI (kg/m2) | 24.8 (3.0) | 23.0 (3.0) | <0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 87.2 (8.7) | 82.3 (8.8) | <0.001 |
Hip circumference (cm) | 95.0 (6.1) | 92.6 (5.7) | <0.001 |
Ratio of waist to hip circumference | 0.92 (0.06) | 0.89 (0.07) | <0.001 |
Smoker (%) | 18.5 | 14.9 | 0.152 |
Alcohol drinker (%) | 5.10 | 6.70 | 0.353 |
Tea drinker (%) | 56.9 | 50.7 | 0.079 |
Education level (%) | 0.050 | ||
≤9 years | 35.6 | 27.8 | |
9–12 years | 41.7 | 47.0 | |
>12 years | 22.7 | 25.2 | |
Household income (Yuan/month/person), (%) | 0.037 | ||
≤500 | 2.10 | 1.90 | |
500–1500 | 31.0 | 25.8 | |
1500–3000 | 50.5 | 56.7 | |
>3000 | 14.4 | 15.5 | |
Family history of diabetes (%) | 15.7 | 9.90 | 0.007 |
Physical activity (MET·h/day) | 41.7 (15.5) | 41.6 (14.9) | 0.909 |
Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1756 (540) | 1776 (496) | 0.575 |
Vegetable intake (g/day) | 399 (183) | 382 (247) | 0.342 |
Fruit intake (g/day) | 140 (107) | 149 (111) | 0.200 |
Whole-grain intake (g/day) | 10.6 (11.4) | 12.3 (20.7) | 0.219 |
Nuts and seeds intake (g/day) | 7.46 (11.6) | 7.06 (10.2) | 0.094 |
Oil intake (g/day) | 16.8 (9.7) | 15.7 (10.4) | 0.121 |
Sugar intake (g/day) | 3.14 (6.1) | 3.02 (3.1) | 0.631 |
Dairy intake (g/day) | 14.9 (12.8) | 17.6 (15.1) | 0.012 |
Red and processed meat intake (g/day) | 85.3 (55.9) | 83.5 (53.1) | 0.633 |
Fish intake (g/day) | 49.6 (37.6) | 56.5 (78.5) | 0.206 |
Serum fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 5.30 (0.8) | 4.60 (0.6) | <0.001 |
Serum TG (mmol/L) | 1.98 (1.4) | 1.50 (1.1) | <0.001 |
Serum HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.25 (0.3) | 1.41 (0.3) | <0.001 |
Serum LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.63 (0.9) | 3.58 (0.9) | 0.459 |
Erythrocyte SFAs, % of total fatty acids | |||
14:0 | 0.32 (0.24) | 0.29 (0.15) | 0.006 |
16:0 | 27.7 (3.7) | 27.7 (3.6) | 0.948 |
18:0 | 17.6 (2.4) | 17.3 (2.3) | 0.122 |
20:0 | 0.48 (0.24) | 0.48 (0.24) | 0.723 |
22:0 | 1.44 (0.65) | 1.50 (0.65) | 0.235 |
24:0 | 4.96 (1.4) | 5.00 (1.3) | 0.659 |
Even-chain SFAs | 45.6 (5.5) | 45.3 (5.2) | 0.070 |
VLCSFAs | 6.90 (1.8) | 7.00(1.8) | 0.728 |
Total SFAs | 52.5 (5.5) | 52.2 (5.3) | 0.569 |
14:0 | 16:0 | 18:0 | 20:0 | 22:0 | 24:0 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
14:0 | 1 | |||||
16:0 | 0.253 *** | 1 | ||||
18:0 | 0.286 *** | 0.310 *** | 1 | |||
20:0 | 0.135 *** | 0.037 | 0.209 *** | 1 | ||
22:0 | −0.070 *** | −0.298 *** | −0.050 * | 0.374 *** | 1 | |
24:0 | −0.173 *** | −0.212 *** | −0.088 *** | 0.328 *** | 0.583 *** | 1 |
SFAs | Statistical Model | Quartiles (Q) of Erythrocyte SFA Concentrations | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 (n = 670) | Q2 (n = 671) | Q3 (n = 672) | Q4 (n = 670) | |||
14:0 | Median (%) | 0.19 | 0.24 | 0.29 | 0.40 | |
Cases/person years | 44/3298 | 47/3247 | 53/3408 | 72/ 555 | ||
Model 1 b | 1 (reference) | 1.01 (0.67–1.52) | 1.07 (0.72–1.60) | 1.36 (0.93–1.98) | 0.088 | |
Model 2 c | 1 (reference) | 1.01 (0.67–1.53) | 1.05 (0.70–1.57) | 1.36 (0.93–1.98) | 0.072 | |
Model 3 d | 1 (reference) | 0.90 (0.59–1.35) | 0.89 (0.59–1.33) | 1.20 (0.82–1.76) | 0.242 | |
16:0 | Median (%) | 23.7 | 26.5 | 28.4 | 31.5 | |
Cases/person years | 62/3573 | 46/3256 | 47/3143 | 61/3535 | ||
Model 1 b | 1 (reference) | 0.67 (0.45–0.98) | 0.68 (0.46–1.00) | 0.85 (0.59–1.21) | 0.454 | |
Model 2 c | 1 (reference) | 0.68 (0.46–1.00) | 0.68 (0.46–1.00) | 0.85 (0.60–1.22) | 0.424 | |
Model 3 d | 1 (reference) | 0.55 (0.37–0.81) | 0.53 (0.35–0.78) | 0.69 (0.48–0.99) | 0.080 | |
18:0 | Median (%) | 15.5 | 16.4 | 17.4 | 19.5 | |
Cases/person years | 45/3436 | 52/3304 | 54/3273 | 65/3495 | ||
Model 1 b | 1 (reference) | 1.19 (0.79–1.77) | 1.23 (0.82–1.82) | 1.42 (0.97–2.08) | 0.075 | |
Model 2 c | 1 (reference) | 1.14 (0.77–1.71) | 1.20 (0.81–1.79) | 1.40 (0.96–2.05) | 0.072 | |
Model 3 d | 1 (reference) | 1.19 (0.80–1.79) | 1.35 (0.91–2.02) | 1.49 (1.02–2.19) | 0.047 | |
20:0 | Median (%) | 0.36 | 0.41 | 0.46 | 0.59 | |
Cases/person years | 58/3257 | 45/3333 | 57/3371 | 56/3546 | ||
Model 1 b | 1 (reference) | 0.79 (0.54–1.17) | 0.99 (0.68–1.42) | 1.01 (0.70–1.46) | 0.715 | |
Model 2 c | 1 (reference) | 0.77 (0.53–1.15) | 1.00 (0.69–1.44) | 1.01 (0.70–1.46) | 0.687 | |
Model 3 d | 1 (reference) | 1.04 (0.70–1.54) | 1.39 (0.96–2.02) | 1.46 (1.00–2.12) | 0.035 | |
22:0 | Median (%) | 0.46 | 1.48 | 1.74 | 2.07 | |
Cases/person years | 57/3207 | 59/3363 | 55/3386 | 45/3552 | ||
Model 1 b | 1 (reference) | 1.06 (0.74–1.53) | 1.08 (0.75–1.57) | 0.93 (0.63–1.39) | 0.803 | |
Model 2 c | 1 (reference) | 1.06 (0.73–1.53) | 1.09 (0.75–1.58) | 0.97 (0.65–1.45) | 0.939 | |
Model 3 d | 1 (reference) | 1.53 (1.05–2.22) | 1.61 (1.10–2.36) | 1.48 (0.99–2.22) | 0.061 | |
24:0 | Median (%) | 3.86 | 4.53 | 5.09 | 6.18 | |
Cases/person years | 57/3392 | 53/3242 | 52/3328 | 54/3546 | ||
Model 1 b | 1 (reference) | 0.97 (0.67–1.41) | 0.94 (0.64–1.36) | 1.04 (0.71–1.51) | 0.923 | |
Model 2 c | 1 (reference) | 1.01 (0.70–1.47) | 0.99 (0.68–1.44) | 1.08 (0.74–1.58) | 0.755 | |
Model 3 d | 1 (reference) | 0.99 (0.68–1.44) | 0.99 (0.68–1.44) | 1.08 (0.74–1.56) | 0.913 |
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Lin, J.-s.; Dong, H.-l.; Chen, G.-d.; Chen, Z.-y.; Dong, X.-w.; Zheng, J.-s.; Chen, Y.-m. Erythrocyte Saturated Fatty Acids and Incident Type 2 Diabetes in Chinese Men and Women: A Prospective Cohort Study. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1393. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101393
Lin J-s, Dong H-l, Chen G-d, Chen Z-y, Dong X-w, Zheng J-s, Chen Y-m. Erythrocyte Saturated Fatty Acids and Incident Type 2 Diabetes in Chinese Men and Women: A Prospective Cohort Study. Nutrients. 2018; 10(10):1393. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101393
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Jie-sheng, Hong-li Dong, Geng-dong Chen, Zhan-yong Chen, Xiao-wei Dong, Ju-sheng Zheng, and Yu-ming Chen. 2018. "Erythrocyte Saturated Fatty Acids and Incident Type 2 Diabetes in Chinese Men and Women: A Prospective Cohort Study" Nutrients 10, no. 10: 1393. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101393