Novel Nutrition Profiling of New Zealanders’ Varied Eating Patterns
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Profiling Procedures
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographics of Total Sample
3.2. Prevalence of the Nutrition Profile Groups
3.3. Demographics of the Nutrition Profile Groups
3.4. Prevalence for Individual Nutrition Questions
4. Discussion
4.1. Future Directions
4.2. Study Limitations
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Questions | Response Options |
---|---|
On average over the past 4 weeks, how often have you consumed the following food?
|
|
N | % | |
---|---|---|
Total Population | 10,012 | 100.0 |
Gender | 9904 | 98.9 |
Male | 4797 | 47.9 |
Female | 5107 | 51.0 |
Age | 8614 | 86.0 |
under 20 years | 270 | 2.7 |
20–29 years | 1692 | 16.9 |
30–39 years | 1602 | 16.0 |
40–49 years | 1655 | 16.5 |
50–59 years | 1694 | 16.9 |
60 years and over | 1701 | 17.0 |
Ethnicity 1 | 10,444 | 97.4 |
Maori | 956 | 8.9 |
European | 7605 | 70.9 |
Pacific people | 310 | 2.9 |
Asian | 1269 | 11.8 |
Other | 304 | 2.8 |
Labour Force Status | 9613 | 96.0 |
Employed | 5503 | 55.0 |
Unemployed | 714 | 7.1 |
Not in the labour force 2 | 2822 | 28.2 |
Other | 574 | 5.7 |
Quintiles of Household Income | 7654 | 76.4 |
≤$30,000 | 1821 | 18.2 |
$30,001–$50,000 | 1456 | 14.5 |
$50,001–$70,000 | 1305 | 13.0 |
$70,001–$100,000 | 1535 | 15.3 |
≥$100,001 | 1537 | 15.4 |
Food Group | Consumpt-Ion Level 3 | Total Sample | Junk | Flexitarian | Mediterranean | Low-Carbohydrate | High-Carbohydrate | Moderator | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | 95% CI 2 | n | % | 95% CI | n | % | 95% CI | n | % | 95% CI | n | % | 95% CI | n | % | 95% CI | n | % | 95% CI | ||
Total N | 10,012 | 2246 | 881 | 1116 | 539 | 2304 | 4310 | |||||||||||||||
All grain products | Avoiders | 413 | 4.3 | (3.9–4.7) | 102 | 4.6 | (3.8–5.5) | 57 | 6.5 | (5.0–8.3) | 0 | 0.0 | (0.0–0.0) | 116 | 21.5 | (18.2–25.1) | 0 | 0.0 | (0.0–0.0) | 145 | 3.7 | (3.1–4.3) |
Limiters | 1371 | 14.3 | (13.6–15.0) | 290 | 13.0 | (11.7–14.5) | 208 | 23.7 | (21.0–26.6) | 0 | 0.0 | (0.0–0.0) | 423 | 78.5 | (74.9–81.8) | 0 | 0.0 | (0.0–0.0) | 495 | 12.6 | (11.6–13.7) | |
Includers | 7824 | 81.4 | (80.6–82.2) | 1837 | 82.4 | (80.8–84.0) | 612 | 69.8 | (66.7–72.8) | 1116 | 100.0 | (100.0–100.0) | 0 | 0.0 | (0.0–0.0) | 2304 | 100.0 | (100.0–100.0) | 3287 | 83.7 | (82.5–84.8) | |
Full-fat dairy products | Avoiders | 951 | 9.9 | (9.3–10.5) | 137 | 6.1 | (5.2–7.2) | 154 | 17.5 | (15.1–20.1) | 112 | 10.0 | (8.4–11.9) | 89 | 16.5 | (13.6–19.8) | 281 | 12.2 | (10.9–13.6) | 354 | 9.0 | (8.2–9.9) |
Limiters | 1531 | 15.9 | (15.2–16.6) | 281 | 12.6 | (11.3–14.0) | 246 | 28.0 | (25.1–31.0) | 137 | 12.3 | (10.5–14.3) | 112 | 20.8 | (17.5–24.4) | 294 | 12.8 | (11.5–14.2) | 649 | 16.5 | (15.4–17.7) | |
Includers | 7125 | 74.2 | (73.3–75.1) | 1814 | 81.3 | (79.6–82.8) | 479 | 54.5 | (51.2–57.8) | 866 | 77.7 | (75.2–80.0) | 338 | 62.7 | (58.6–66.7) | 1726 | 75.0 | (73.2–76.7) | 2921 | 74.4 | (73.1–75.8) | |
Butter | Avoiders | 2612 | 27.2 | (26.3–28.1) | 523 | 23.5 | (21.7–25.3) | 322 | 36.6 | (33.5–39.8) | 226 | 20.3 | (18.0–22.7) | 169 | 31.4 | (27.5–35.4) | 611 | 26.5 | (24.8–28.4) | 1078 | 27.5 | (26.1–28.9) |
Limiters | 2461 | 25.6 | (24.7–26.5) | 470 | 21.1 | (19.4–22.8) | 284 | 32.3 | (29.2–35.4) | 304 | 27.2 | (24.7–29.9) | 128 | 23.7 | (20.3–27.5) | 640 | 27.8 | (26.0–29.7) | 1024 | 26.1 | (24.8–27.5) | |
Includers | 4530 | 47.2 | (46.2–48.2) | 1235 | 55.4 | (53.4–57.5) | 274 | 31.1 | (28.1–34.3) | 586 | 52.5 | (49.6–55.4) | 242 | 44.9 | (40.7–49.1) | 1051 | 45.7 | (43.6–47.7) | 1820 | 46.4 | (44.8–48.0) | |
Low-fat dairy products | Avoiders | 2216 | 23.1 | (22.3–23.9) | 471 | 21.2 | (19.6–23.0) | 269 | 30.5 | (27.6–33.6) | 213 | 19.1 | (16.9–21.5) | 181 | 33.6 | (29.7–37.6) | 502 | 21.8 | (20.2–23.5) | 872 | 22.2 | (21.0–23.6) |
Limiters | 1723 | 18.0 | (17.2–18.8) | 383 | 17.3 | (15.7–18.9) | 229 | 26.0 | (23.2–29.0) | 135 | 12.1 | (10.3–14.1) | 99 | 18.4 | (15.3–21.8) | 298 | 13.0 | (11.6–14.4) | 757 | 19.3 | (18.1–20.6) | |
Includers | 5654 | 58.9 | (57.9–59.9) | 1366 | 61.5 | (59.5–63.5) | 383 | 43.5 | (40.2–46.8) | 767 | 68.8 | (66.0–71.5) | 259 | 48.1 | (43.9–52.3) | 1501 | 65.2 | (63.3–67.2) | 2291 | 58.4 | (56.9–60.0) | |
Eggs | Avoiders | 623 | 6.5 | (6.0–7.0) | 171 | 7.7 | (6.6–8.8) | 151 | 17.2 | (14.8–19.8) | 25 | 2.2 | (1.5–3.2) | 42 | 7.8 | (5.8–10.3) | 120 | 5.2 | (4.4–6.2) | 193 | 4.9 | (4.3–5.6) |
Limiters | 2502 | 26.0 | (25.1–26.9) | 534 | 24.0 | (22.2–25.8) | 358 | 40.7 | (37.5–44.0) | 203 | 18.2 | (16.0–20.5) | 131 | 24.3 | (20.9–28.1) | 528 | 22.9 | (21.3–24.7) | 1035 | 26.4 | (25.0–27.8) | |
Includers | 6481 | 67.5 | (66.6–68.4) | 1523 | 68.4 | (66.4–70.3) | 370 | 42.1 | (38.9–45.4) | 888 | 79.6 | (77.1–81.9) | 365 | 67.8 | (63.8–71.7) | 1654 | 71.9 | (70.0–73.7) | 2698 | 68.7 | (67.3–70.2) | |
Margarine or other non-butter spreads | Avoiders | 2470 | 25.7 | (24.8–26.6) | 478 | 21.5 | (19.9–23.3) | 303 | 34.5 | (31.4–37.7) | 307 | 27.5 | (24.9–30.2) | 223 | 41.4 | (37.3–45.6) | 644 | 28.0 | (26.2–29.8) | 930 | 23.7 | (22.4–25.0) |
Limiters | 1357 | 14.1 | (13.4–14.8) | 272 | 12.2 | (10.9–13.7) | 215 | 24.5 | (21.7–27.4) | 115 | 10.3 | (8.6–12.2) | 76 | 14.1 | (11.4–17.2) | 267 | 11.6 | (10.3–13.0) | 577 | 14.7 | (13.6–15.8) | |
Includers | 5774 | 60.1 | (59.1–61.1) | 1471 | 66.2 | (64.2–68.2) | 361 | 41.1 | (37.9–44.3) | 694 | 62.2 | (59.3–65.0) | 240 | 44.5 | (40.4–48.7) | 1391 | 60.4 | (58.4–62.4) | 2421 | 61.6 | (60.1–63.1) | |
Oils: olive, avocado, macadamia, coconut | Avoiders | 2796 | 29.2 | (28.3–30.1) | 697 | 31.4 | (29.5–33.4) | 310 | 35.2 | (32.1–38.4) | 0 | 0.0 | (0.0–0.0) | 147 | 27.4 | (23.7–31.3) | 524 | 22.8 | (21.1–24.6) | 1191 | 30.4 | (29.0–31.8) |
Limiters | 2283 | 23.8 | (22.9–24.7) | 462 | 20.8 | (19.2–22.5) | 267 | 30.3 | (27.3–33.4) | 0 | 0.0 | (0.0–0.0) | 108 | 20.1 | (16.9–23.7) | 522 | 22.7 | (21.1–24.5) | 981 | 25.0 | (23.7–26.4) | |
Includers | 4508 | 47.0 | (46.0–48.0) | 1061 | 47.8 | (45.7–49.9) | 304 | 34.5 | (31.4–37.7) | 1116 | 100.0 | (100.0–100.0) | 282 | 52.5 | (48.3–56.7) | 1250 | 54.4 | (52.4–56.5) | 1749 | 44.6 | (43.1–46.2) | |
Oils: any other vegetable oil | Avoiders | 1902 | 19.8 | (19.0–20.6) | 388 | 17.4 | (15.9–19.1) | 229 | 26.1 | (23.2–29.0) | 198 | 17.8 | (15.6–20.1) | 167 | 31.0 | (27.2–35.0) | 389 | 16.9 | (15.4–18.5) | 783 | 20.0 | (18.8–21.3) |
Limiters | 2316 | 24.2 | (23.3–25.1) | 476 | 21.4 | (19.7–23.1) | 312 | 35.5 | (32.4–38.7) | 171 | 15.3 | (13.3–17.5) | 117 | 21.7 | (18.4–25.4) | 472 | 20.5 | (18.9–22.2) | 994 | 25.4 | (24.0–26.7) | |
Includers | 5372 | 56.0 | (55.0–57.0) | 1360 | 61.2 | (59.1–63.2) | 338 | 38.5 | (35.3–41.7) | 746 | 66.9 | (64.1–69.6) | 254 | 47.2 | (43.0–51.4) | 1437 | 62.5 | (60.5–64.5) | 2142 | 54.7 | (53.1–56.2) | |
Red meat | Avoiders | 674 | 7.0 | (6.5–7.5) | 140 | 6.3 | (5.3–7.4) | 356 | 40.4 | (37.2–43.7) | 38 | 3.4 | (2.5–4.6) | 35 | 6.5 | (4.6–8.8) | 193 | 8.4 | (7.3–9.6) | 109 | 2.8 | (2.3–3.3) |
Limiters | 1479 | 15.4 | (14.7–16.1) | 270 | 12.1 | (10.8–13.5) | 525 | 59.6 | (56.3–62.8) | 92 | 8.2 | (6.7–10.0) | 83 | 15.4 | (12.5–18.6) | 264 | 11.5 | (10.2–12.8) | 446 | 11.4 | (10.4–12.4) | |
Includers | 7454 | 77.6 | (76.8–78.4) | 1816 | 81.6 | (79.9–83.2) | 0 | 0.0 | (0.0–0.0) | 986 | 88.4 | (86.4–90.1) | 421 | 78.1 | (74.5–81.4) | 1845 | 80.1 | (78.5–81.7) | 3372 | 85.9 | (84.8–86.9) | |
White meat | Avoiders | 478 | 5.0 | (4.6–5.4) | 92 | 4.1 | (3.4–5.0) | 303 | 34.4 | (31.3–37.6) | 13 | 1.2 | (0.7–1.9) | 31 | 5.8 | (4.0–8.0) | 132 | 5.7 | (4.8–6.7) | 52 | 1.3 | (1.0–1.7) |
Limiters | 1252 | 13.0 | (12.3–13.7) | 235 | 10.5 | (9.3–11.9) | 578 | 65.6 | (62.4–68.7) | 26 | 2.3 | (1.6–3.3) | 55 | 10.2 | (7.9–13.0) | 210 | 9.1 | (8.0–10.3) | 310 | 7.9 | (7.1–8.8) | |
Includers | 7883 | 82.0 | (81.2–82.8) | 1902 | 85.3 | (83.8–86.8) | 0 | 0.0 | (0.0–0.0) | 1077 | 96.5 | (95.3–97.5) | 453 | 84.0 | (80.8–87.0) | 1961 | 85.1 | (83.7–86.6) | 3567 | 90.8 | (89.9–91.7) | |
Protein powders and or bars | Avoiders | 7049 | 73.5 | (72.6–74.4) | 1475 | 66.5 | (64.5–68.5) | 712 | 81.0 | (78.3–83.5) | 826 | 74.1 | (71.5–76.7) | 416 | 77.6 | (73.9–81.0) | 1815 | 78.9 | (77.2–80.6) | 2856 | 72.9 | (71.4–74.2) |
Limiters | 1138 | 11.9 | (11.3–12.5) | 295 | 13.3 | (11.9–14.8) | 102 | 11.6 | (9.6–13.8) | 116 | 10.4 | (8.7–12.3) | 47 | 8.8 | (6.6–11.4) | 222 | 9.7 | (8.5–10.9) | 493 | 12.6 | (11.6–13.6) | |
Includers | 1397 | 14.6 | (13.9–15.3) | 447 | 20.2 | (18.5–21.9) | 65 | 7.4 | (5.8–9.3) | 172 | 15.4 | (13.4–17.7) | 73 | 13.6 | (10.9–16.7) | 262 | 11.4 | (10.1–12.7) | 571 | 14.6 | (13.5–15.7) | |
Processed meat | Avoiders | 2152 | 22.4 | (21.6–23.2) | 357 | 16.0 | (14.6–17.6) | 498 | 56.5 | (53.2–59.8) | 235 | 21.1 | (18.7–23.5) | 163 | 30.4 | (26.6–34.3) | 576 | 25.0 | (23.3–26.8) | 750 | 19.1 | (17.9–20.4) |
Limiters | 4229 | 44.0 | (43.0–45.0) | 800 | 36.0 | (34.0–38.0) | 383 | 43.5 | (40.2–46.8) | 514 | 46.1 | (43.1–49.0) | 256 | 47.7 | (43.5–51.9) | 1057 | 45.9 | (43.9–48.0) | 1809 | 46.1 | (44.5–47.6) | |
Includers | 3222 | 33.6 | (32.7–34.5) | 1068 | 48.0 | (45.9–50.1) | 0 | 0.0 | (0.0–0.0) | 367 | 32.9 | (30.2–35.7) | 118 | 22.0 | (18.6–25.6) | 669 | 29.1 | (27.2–30.9) | 1367 | 34.8 | (33.3–36.3) | |
Fish and shellfish | Avoiders | 2172 | 22.5 | (21.7–23.3) | 532 | 23.8 | (22.0–25.5) | 368 | 42.0 | (38.7–45.2) | 121 | 10.8 | (9.1–12.8) | 109 | 20.2 | (17.0–23.8) | 435 | 18.9 | (17.3–20.5) | 848 | 21.5 | (20.2–22.8) |
Limiters | 4560 | 47.3 | (46.3–48.3) | 937 | 41.8 | (39.8–43.9) | 380 | 43.3 | (40.1–46.6) | 525 | 47.0 | (44.1–50.0) | 275 | 51.0 | (46.8–55.2) | 1115 | 48.4 | (46.4–50.4) | 1950 | 49.5 | (47.9–51.0) | |
Includers | 2903 | 30.1 | (29.2–31.0) | 771 | 34.4 | (32.5–36.4) | 129 | 14.7 | (12.5–17.2) | 470 | 42.1 | (39.2–45.0) | 155 | 28.8 | (25.1–32.7) | 754 | 32.7 | (30.8–34.7) | 1145 | 29.0 | (27.6–30.5) | |
Fruit | Avoiders | 339 | 3.5 | (3.1–3.9) | 103 | 4.6 | (3.8–5.5) | 46 | 5.2 | (3.9–6.9) | 11 | 1.0 | (0.5–1.7) | 27 | 5.0 | (3.4–7.1) | 30 | 1.3 | (0.9–1.8) | 137 | 3.5 | (2.9–4.1) |
Limiters | 1260 | 13.1 | (12.4–13.8) | 321 | 14.3 | (12.9–15.8) | 191 | 21.8 | (19.1–24.6) | 40 | 3.6 | (2.6–4.8) | 58 | 10.8 | (8.4–13.6) | 114 | 4.9 | (4.1–5.9) | 589 | 14.9 | (13.8–16.1) | |
Includers | 8042 | 83.4 | (82.7–84.1) | 1820 | 81.1 | (79.4–82.7) | 640 | 73.0 | (70.0–75.8) | 1065 | 95.4 | (94.1–96.5) | 454 | 84.2 | (81.0–87.1) | 2160 | 93.8 | (92.7–94.7) | 3219 | 81.6 | (80.4–82.8) | |
Starchy vegetables | Avoiders | 297 | 3.1 | (2.8–3.4) | 64 | 2.9 | (2.2–3.6) | 61 | 7.0 | (5.4–8.8) | 10 | 0.9 | (0.5–1.6) | 37 | 6.9 | (5.0–9.2) | 27 | 1.2 | (0.8–1.7) | 118 | 3.0 | (2.5–3.6) |
Limiters | 1315 | 13.6 | (12.9–14.3) | 238 | 10.6 | (9.4–11.9) | 272 | 31.1 | (28.1–34.2) | 66 | 5.9 | (4.6–7.4) | 70 | 13.0 | (10.3–16.0) | 184 | 8.0 | (6.9–9.1) | 595 | 15.1 | (14.0–16.2) | |
Includers | 8022 | 83.3 | (82.6–84.0) | 1940 | 86.5 | (85.1–87.9) | 543 | 62.0 | (58.7–65.2) | 1040 | 93.2 | (91.6–94.6) | 432 | 80.1 | (76.6–83.3) | 2093 | 90.8 | (89.6–92.0) | 3228 | 81.9 | (80.7–83.1) | |
Non-starchy vegetables | Avoiders | 553 | 5.8 | (5.3–6.3) | 145 | 6.5 | (5.5–7.6) | 88 | 10.1 | (8.2–12.2) | 0 | 0.0 | (0.0–0.0) | 0 | 0.0 | (0.0–0.0) | 0 | 0.0 | (0.0–0.0) | 320 | 8.2 | (7.3–9.1) |
Limiters | 1113 | 11.6 | (11.0–12.2) | 236 | 10.6 | (9.4–11.9) | 210 | 24.0 | (21.3–26.9) | 0 | 0.0 | (0.0–0.0) | 0 | 0.0 | (0.0–0.0) | 0 | 0.0 | (0.0–0.0) | 667 | 17.0 | (15.9–18.2) | |
Includers | 7930 | 82.6 | (81.8–83.4) | 1847 | 82.9 | (81.3–84.4) | 576 | 65.9 | (62.7–69.0) | 1116 | 100.0 | (100.0–100.0) | 539 | 100.0 | (100.0–100.0) | 2304 | 100.0 | (100.0–100.0) | 2932 | 74.8 | (73.4–76.2) | |
Cakes and biscuits 4 | Avoiders | 584 | 6.1 | (5.6–6.6) | 53 | 2.4 | (1.8–3.1) | 108 | 12.3 | (10.3–14.6) | 59 | 5.3 | (4.1–6.7) | 89 | 16.5 | (13.6–19.9) | 112 | 4.9 | (4.0–5.8) | 254 | 6.4 | (5.7–7.2) |
Limiters | 2676 | 27.8 | (26.9–28.7) | 256 | 11.4 | (10.2–12.8) | 355 | 40.5 | (37.3–43.8) | 242 | 21.7 | (19.3–24.2) | 224 | 41.6 | (37.5–45.8) | 548 | 23.8 | (22.1–25.6) | 1367 | 34.7 | (33.2–36.2) | |
Includers | 6370 | 66.1 | (65.2–67.0) | 1932 | 86.2 | (84.7–87.6) | 413 | 47.1 | (43.9–50.5) | 815 | 73.0 | (70.4–75.6) | 225 | 41.8 | (37.7–46.0) | 1644 | 71.4 | (69.5–73.2) | 2318 | 58.8 | (57.3–60.4) | |
Nuts | Avoiders | 1941 | 20.2 | (19.4–21.0) | 434 | 19.5 | (17.9–21.2) | 210 | 23.9 | (21.2–26.9) | 98 | 8.8 | (7.2–10.5) | 123 | 22.9 | (19.5–26.6) | 323 | 14.0 | (12.6–15.5) | 891 | 22.6 | (21.4–24.0) |
Limiters | 3282 | 34.1 | (33.2–35.0) | 651 | 29.2 | (27.3–31.1) | 294 | 33.5 | (30.5–36.7) | 315 | 28.2 | (25.6–30.9) | 168 | 31.2 | (27.4–35.2) | 739 | 32.1 | (30.2–34.0) | 1495 | 38.0 | (36.5–39.5) | |
Includers | 4393 | 45.7 | (44.7–46.7) | 1144 | 51.3 | (49.2–53.4) | 373 | 42.5 | (39.3–45.8) | 703 | 63.0 | (60.1–65.8) | 247 | 45.9 | (41.7–50.1) | 1242 | 53.9 | (51.9–55.9) | 1550 | 39.4 | (37.9–40.9) | |
Confectionary: sweets and chocolate | Avoiders | 1067 | 11.1 | (10.5–11.7) | 48 | 2.1 | (1.6–2.8) | 166 | 19.0 | (16.5–21.7) | 126 | 11.3 | (9.5–13.3) | 123 | 22.9 | (19.5–26.6) | 275 | 11.9 | (10.7–13.3) | 502 | 12.8 | (11.7–13.8) |
Limiters | 3875 | 40.3 | (39.3–41.3) | 286 | 12.8 | (11.4–14.2) | 444 | 50.7 | (47.4–54.0) | 511 | 45.8 | (42.9–48.8) | 273 | 50.8 | (46.6–55.1) | 1067 | 46.3 | (44.3–48.4) | 1925 | 48.9 | (47.4–50.5) | |
Includers | 4682 | 48.6 | (47.6–49.6) | 1909 | 85.1 | (83.6–86.5) | 265 | 30.3 | (27.3–33.4) | 478 | 42.9 | (40.0–45.8) | 141 | 26.3 | (22.7–30.1) | 961 | 41.7 | (39.7–43.8) | 1507 | 38.3 | (36.8–39.8) | |
Full sugar soft drinks 5 | Avoiders | 3284 | 34.1 | (33.2–35.0) | 293 | 13.1 | (11.7–14.5) | 405 | 46.2 | (42.9–49.5) | 480 | 43.0 | (40.1–45.9) | 302 | 56.1 | (51.9–60.3) | 1028 | 44.6 | (42.6–46.7) | 1398 | 35.5 | (34.1–37.1) |
Limiters | 3038 | 31.6 | (30.7–32.5) | 314 | 14.0 | (12.6–15.5) | 327 | 37.3 | (34.1–40.5) | 436 | 39.1 | (36.2–42.0) | 157 | 29.2 | (25.5–33.1) | 860 | 37.3 | (35.4–39.3) | 1461 | 37.1 | (35.6–38.7) | |
Includers | 3303 | 34.3 | (33.4–35.2) | 1634 | 72.9 | (71.0–74.7) | 145 | 16.5 | (14.2–19.1) | 200 | 17.9 | (15.8–20.3) | 79 | 14.7 | (11.9–17.9) | 416 | 18.1 | (16.5–19.7) | 1074 | 27.3 | (25.9–28.7) | |
Takeaways 6 | Avoiders | 1506 | 15.6 | (14.9–16.3) | 164 | 7.3 | (6.3–8.4) | 246 | 28.0 | (25.1–31.1) | 206 | 18.5 | (16.3–20.8) | 137 | 25.5 | (21.9–29.3) | 437 | 19.0 | (17.4–20.6) | 607 | 15.4 | (14.3–16.6) |
Limiters | 5542 | 57.6 | (56.6–58.6) | 976 | 43.5 | (41.5–45.6) | 541 | 61.6 | (58.4–64.8) | 736 | 65.9 | (63.1–68.7) | 320 | 59.5 | (55.3–63.6) | 1517 | 65.8 | (63.9–67.8) | 2345 | 59.6 | (58.1–61.1) | |
Includers | 2581 | 26.8 | (25.9–27.7) | 1102 | 49.2 | (47.1–51.2) | 91 | 10.4 | (8.5–12.5) | 174 | 15.6 | (13.6–17.8) | 81 | 15.1 | (12.2–18.3) | 350 | 15.2 | (13.8–16.7) | 983 | 25.0 | (23.6–26.4) |
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Maclaren, O.; Mackay, L.; Schofield, G.; Zinn, C. Novel Nutrition Profiling of New Zealanders’ Varied Eating Patterns. Nutrients 2018, 10, 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10010030
Maclaren O, Mackay L, Schofield G, Zinn C. Novel Nutrition Profiling of New Zealanders’ Varied Eating Patterns. Nutrients. 2018; 10(1):30. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10010030
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaclaren, Olivia, Lisa Mackay, Grant Schofield, and Caryn Zinn. 2018. "Novel Nutrition Profiling of New Zealanders’ Varied Eating Patterns" Nutrients 10, no. 1: 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10010030