Animal Nutrition and Lipids in Animal Products and Their Contribution to Human Intake and Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Saturated Fatty Acids and Chronic Disease
Country | Male (m) Female (f) | SFA intake (g/d) | SFA intake (% energy intake) | SFA from dairy (% total) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Belgium | m | 45.0 | 15.3 | 30.2 |
f | 35.9 | 15.5 | 30.2 | |
Finland | m | 32.9 | 12.5 | 44.9 |
f | 25.2 | 12.8 | 44.9 | |
France | m | 34.2 | 15.0 | 56.7 |
f | 25.9 | 15.8 | 56.7 | |
Germany | m | 49.0 | 17.5 | 57.1 |
f | 39.2 | 18.6 | 57.1 | |
Greece | m | 22.6 | 10.5 | 27.4 |
f | 24.1 | 12.9 | 27.4 | |
Italy | m+f | 30.9 | 10.6 | 47.3 |
Netherlands | m | 40.0 | 13.9 | 33.9 |
f | 30.7 | 14.3 | 33.9 | |
Portugal | m | 28.1 | 11.2 | 32.5 |
Spain | m+f | 33.5 | 11.7 | 27.5 |
Sweden | m | 37.7 | 15.0 | 48.5 |
f | 27.8 | 14.5 | 48.5 | |
UK | m+f | 27.1 | 13.2 | 38.8 |
Overall mean | 33.5 | 14.1 | 41.3 |
2.1. Milk and Dairy Products as Sources of Saturates
2.2. Modifying Milk Fatty Acid Composition
Fatty acid | Treatment1 | SEM2 | P3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | RO | WR | MR | |||
Σ ≤ 14:0 | 22.6a | 18.2c | 26.2b | 21.3a | 0.53 | ** |
16:0 | 34.5a | 19.8c | 31.1b | 21.6c | 0.64 | *** |
18:0 | 9.8a | 14.6b | 10.8a | 15.5b | 0.32 | *** |
18:1 trans total | 4.1a | 10.0c | 3.2a | 6.4b | 0.40 | *** |
18:1 cis total | 20.8a | 26.9b | 18.9a | 25.6b | 0.67 | *** |
Σ saturates | 69.6a | 55.6c | 71.7a | 61.5b | 0.86 | *** |
Σ cis MUFA | 22.7a | 29.2b | 21.4a | 27.7b | 0.75 | *** |
Σ trans MUFA | 4.4a | 10.5c | 3.5a | 6.8b | 0.40 | *** |
n-6:n-3 PUFA | 4.2 | 2.4 | 1.6 | 5.3 | 1.32 | NS |
3. Long Chain n-3 Fatty Acids and Chronic Disease
3.1. Current Intakes of LC-n-3 Fatty Acids
Country | Details | Intake of EPA + DHA(mg/person/d) |
---|---|---|
UK | Adults, 19-64 years, mean | 244 |
UK | Females, 19-24 years, mean | 109 |
Belgium | Females, 18-39 years, mean | 209 |
Belgium | Females, 18-39 years, median | 50 |
Belgium | Children 4-6.5 years, mean | 75 |
France | Women 45-63 years | 344 |
Australia | Adults | 143 |
N. America | Adults | 200 |
Central Europe | Adults | 250 |
Northern Europe | Adults | 590 |
Japan | Adults | 950 |
3.2 Enriching Animal-Derived Foods with of EPA and DHA
Food | Intake (g/person/week)1 | Concentration2 (mg/g) of | Intake of EPA+DHA (mg/person/d) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
EPA | DHA | |||
Milk products | ||||
Whole milk | 337 | 0.106 | 0.141 | 11.9 |
Semi-skimmed milk | 877 | 0.045 | 0.060 | 13.2 |
Skimmed milk | 215 | 0.008 | 0.011 | 0.57 |
Cream | 12 | 1.064 | 1.406 | 4.27 |
Other milk | 42 | 0.080 | 0.105 | 1.12 |
Cottage cheese | 9 | 0.104 | 0.137 | 0.31 |
Other cheese | 98 | 0.745 | 0.984 | 24.2 |
Butter | 22 | 2.181 | 2.882 | 16.0 |
Total milk products: | 71.5 | |||
Meat | ||||
Beef and veal | 249 | 0.24 | 0.053 | 10.4 |
Sheep meat | 51 | 0.82 | 0.97 | 13.0 |
Pork | 63 | 0.13 | 0.167 | 2.67 |
Bacon and ham | 105 | 0.072 | 0.093 | 2.47 |
Poultry | 374 | 0.60 | 0.80 | 74.8 |
Sausages3 | 68 | 0.012 | 0.015 | 0.26 |
Other products3 | 216 | 0.036 | 0.006 | 1.70 |
Total meat products: | 105.4 | |||
Eggs | 194 | 0.06 | 1.90 | 54.3 |
Total intake: | 231 |
3.3 Enrichment of Poultry Meat
Control1 | Lofish | Hifish | P | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fatty acid | Ross2 | Cobb | Ross | Cobb | Ross | Cobb | Breed | Diet |
EPA | 7.5 | 6.9 | 17.4 | 20.0 | 27.2 | 30.8 | NS | <0.001 |
DHA | 39.6 | 38.6 | 54.9 | 64.3 | 118 | 126 | NS | <0.001 |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
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Givens, I. Animal Nutrition and Lipids in Animal Products and Their Contribution to Human Intake and Health. Nutrients 2009, 1, 71-82. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu1010071
Givens I. Animal Nutrition and Lipids in Animal Products and Their Contribution to Human Intake and Health. Nutrients. 2009; 1(1):71-82. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu1010071
Chicago/Turabian StyleGivens, Ian. 2009. "Animal Nutrition and Lipids in Animal Products and Their Contribution to Human Intake and Health" Nutrients 1, no. 1: 71-82. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu1010071