The 2015 Surge of Hispar Glacier in the Karakoram
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Region
3. Data Sets and Image Processing Methods
3.1. Data Sets
3.2. Methods
4. Results
4.1. Historic Development of Hispar Glacier from Landsat Data
4.2. The 2015/16 Surge from Optical Images
4.3. Flow Velocities before, during and after the Surge
4.4. Accuracy of the Derived Flow Velocities
5. Discussion
5.1. Interpretation of the Observations
5.2. Is the Surge Unprecedented?
5.3. Interpretation of Observations
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
a.s.l. | above sea level |
csv | comma separated values |
DEM | Digital Elevation Model |
ETM+ | Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus |
HG | Hispar Glacier |
RADAR | RAdio Detection And Ranging |
RGB | Red, Green, and Blue |
MSS | Multispectral Scanner |
SAR | Synthetic Aperture Radar |
SLC | Scan-line-corrector |
SRTM | Shuttle Radar Topography Mission |
TM | Thematic Mapper |
USGS | United States Geological Survey |
Appendix A
Appendix B
ID | Sensor | Date | DoY | ID | Sensor | Date | DoY |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | L8 OLI | 9 October 2013 | 282 | 8 | L7 ETM+ | 20 August 2015 | 232 |
2 | L8 OLI | 25 August 2014 | 237 | 9 | L8 OLI | 13 September 2015 | 256 |
3 | L8 OLI | 26 September 2014 | 269 | 10 | L8 OLI | 15 October 2015 | 288 |
4 | L8 OLI | 16 January 2015 | 16 | 11 | L8 OLI | 10 May 2016 | 131 |
5 | L8 OLI | 21 March 2015 | 80 | 12 | L8 OLI | 26 May 2016 | 147 |
6 | L8 OLI | 22 April 2015 | 112 | 13 | MSS | 2 August 1977 | 214 |
7 | L8 OLI | 9 June 2015 | 160 | 14 | TM | 7 August 1990 | 219 |
Date 1 | Date 2 | ∆t | Sensor | Figure | Date 1 | Date 2 | ∆t | Sensor | Figure |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5 July 2013 | 21 July 2013 | 16 | L8 OLI | 3a | 29 January 2014 | 3 April 2014 | 64 | L8 OLI | |
21 July 2013 | 7 September 2013 | 48 | L8 OLI | 3b | 3 April 2014 | 6 June 2014 | 64 | L8 OLI | |
7 September 2013 | 9 October 2013 | 32 | L8 OLI | 6 June 2014 | 8 July 2014 | 32 | L8 OLI | ||
9 October 2013 | 25 October 2013 | 16 | L8 OLI | 8 July 2014 | 24 July 2014 | 16 | L8 OLI | 3c | |
25 October 2013 | 10 November 2013 | 16 | L8 OLI | 24 July 2014 | 25 August 2014 | 32 | L8 OLI | 3d | |
10 November 2013 | 26 November 2013 | 16 | L8 OLI | 25 August 2014 | 5 November 2014 | 16 | L8 OLI | 3e | |
26 November 2013 | 12 December 2013 | 16 | L8 OLI | 5 November 2014 | 8 January 2015 | 64 | L7 ETM+ | 3f/g | |
12 December 2013 | 29 January 2014 | 48 | L8 OLI | 8 January 2015 | 9 February 2015 | 32 | L7 ETM+ | 3h |
Date 1 | Date 2 | ∆t | Sensor | Date 1 | Date 2 | ∆t | Sensor |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
13 March 15 | 6 April 15 | 24 | Sentinel-1 | 18 December 15 | 3 January 16 | 16 | L8 OLI |
6 April 15 | 18 April 15 | 12 | Sentinel-1 | 3 January 16 | 19 January 16 | 16 | L8 OLI |
30 April 15 | 12 May 15 | 12 | Sentinel-1 | 19 January 16 | 12 February 16 | 24 | Sentinel-1 |
24 May 15 | 5 June 15 | 12 | Sentinel-1 | 12 February 16 | 7 March 16 | 24 | Sentinel-1 |
17 June 15 | 3 July 15 | 16 | L7 ETM+ | 7 March 16 | 31 March 16 | 24 | Sentinel-1 |
23 July 15 | 16 August 15 | 24 | Sentinel-1 | 31 March.16 | 24 April 16 | 24 | Sentinel-1 |
16 August 15 | 9 September 15 | 24 | Sentinel-1 | 24 April 16 | 18 May 16 | 24 | Sentinel-1 |
13 September 15 | 15 October 15 | 32 | L8 OLI | 18 May 16 | 11 June 16 | 24 | Sentinel-1 |
15 October 15 | 31 October 15 | 16 | L8 OLI | 11 June 16 | 29 July 16 | 48 | Sentinel-1 |
31 October 15 | 2 December 15 | 32 | L8 OLI | 29 July 16 | 22 August 16 | 24 | Sentinel-1 |
2 December 15 | 18 December 15 | 16 | L8 OLI | 22 August 16 | 15 September 16 | 24 | Sentinel-1 |
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Landsat ETM+ | Landsat OLI | RADARSAT-2 | Sentinel-1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mode | Panchromatic | Panchromatic | Wide Fine | IWS |
Scene coverage (km) | 170 × 183 | 170 × 183 | 150 × 150 | 250 |
Pixel resolution (m) | 15 × 15 | 15 × 15 | 10.6 × 5.2 | 3 × 22 m |
Matching window (pixel) | 15 × 15 | 15 × 15 | 38 × 77 | 256 × 128 |
Search area (pixel) | 50 × 50 | 50 × 50 | 38 × 77 | 256 × 128 |
Step size | 100 m | 100 m | 9 × 19 pixel | 40 × 10 |
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Paul, F.; Strozzi, T.; Schellenberger, T.; Kääb, A. The 2015 Surge of Hispar Glacier in the Karakoram. Remote Sens. 2017, 9, 888. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9090888
Paul F, Strozzi T, Schellenberger T, Kääb A. The 2015 Surge of Hispar Glacier in the Karakoram. Remote Sensing. 2017; 9(9):888. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9090888
Chicago/Turabian StylePaul, Frank, Tazio Strozzi, Thomas Schellenberger, and Andreas Kääb. 2017. "The 2015 Surge of Hispar Glacier in the Karakoram" Remote Sensing 9, no. 9: 888. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9090888