Estimation of Surface Soil Moisture from Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing Using an Improved Trapezoid Method
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Trapezoidal VI/LST Space
2.2. Determination of Boundaries
3. Study Area and Data
3.1. Site Description and SM Measurement
3.2. Remote Sensing Data
3.3. Other Data Sources
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Validation with Site Observations
4.2. Spatial Distribution of Soil Moisture
4.3. Theoretic Boundary vs. Observed Boundary
Surface SM | Mean | Stand Deviation | CV | RMSE | Mean Bias | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Observed | 0.31 | 0.087 | 0.28 | - | - | - |
Theoretical | 0.29 | 0.074 | 0.26 | 0.05 | −0.02 | 0.86 |
Case 1 | 0.17 | 0.073 | 0.43 | 0.18 | −0.14 | 0.42 |
Case 2 | 0.17 | 0.070 | 0.41 | 0.18 | −0.14 | 0.46 |
Case 3 | 0.16 | 0.062 | 0.39 | 0.19 | −0.15 | 0.54 |
4.4. Sensitivity Analysis
Variation (%/K) | −20(−2) | −15(−1.5) | −10(−1) | −5(−0.5) | 5(0.5) | 10(1) | 15(1.5) | 20(2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LST | 6.06 | 4.56 | 3.03 | 1.53 | −1.50 | −3.03 | −4.56 | −6.06 |
Ta | −5.22 | −3.94 | −2.65 | −1.32 | 1.36 | 2.72 | 4.08 | 5.43 |
u | 3.38 | 2.72 | 1.85 | 0.94 | −0.91 | −1.85 | −2.79 | −3.76 |
αc_max | 0.49 | 0.38 | 0.24 | 0.14 | −0.10 | −0.24 | −0.35 | −0.49 |
αs_max | 2.33 | 1.78 | 1.22 | 0.63 | −0.73 | −1.25 | −1.95 | −2.65 |
ea | 0.21 | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.07 | −0.03 | −0.10 | −0.14 | −0.17 |
θF | −19.02 | −14.29 | −9.52 | −4.73 | 4.75 | 9.57 | 14.32 | 19.08 |
θR | −0.54 | −0.41 | −0.28 | −0.14 | 0.14 | 0.28 | 0.41 | 0.54 |
NDVImax | −1.43 | −0.94 | −0.56 | −0.24 | 0.21 | 0.38 | 0.56 | 0.66 |
NDVImin | −0.03 | −0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.07 |
n | −0.35 | −0.24 | −0.14 | −0.07 | 0.10 | 0.17 | 0.24 | 0.31 |
4.5. Comparison with Land Surface Models
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgment
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Yang, Y.; Guan, H.; Long, D.; Liu, B.; Qin, G.; Qin, J.; Batelaan, O. Estimation of Surface Soil Moisture from Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing Using an Improved Trapezoid Method. Remote Sens. 2015, 7, 8250-8270. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70708250
Yang Y, Guan H, Long D, Liu B, Qin G, Qin J, Batelaan O. Estimation of Surface Soil Moisture from Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing Using an Improved Trapezoid Method. Remote Sensing. 2015; 7(7):8250-8270. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70708250
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Yuting, Huade Guan, Di Long, Bing Liu, Guanghua Qin, Jun Qin, and Okke Batelaan. 2015. "Estimation of Surface Soil Moisture from Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing Using an Improved Trapezoid Method" Remote Sensing 7, no. 7: 8250-8270. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70708250