Tracking Fires in India Using Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer (A)ATSR Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Fire and Its Impact in Indian Tropical Forests
2 Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Data Sources and Research Method
2.3. Correlation of Fire Data with Climate, Vegetation and Human Activities
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
- Gubbi, S. Fire, fire burning bright in Deccan Herald, Bangalore, India. Available online: http://www.wildlifefirst.info/images/wordfiles/fire.doc (accessed on January 2004).
- Andreae, M.O.; Atlas, E.; Harris, G.W.; Helas, G.; de Kock, A.; Koppmann, R.; Maenhaut, W.; Mano, S.; Pollock, W.H.; Rudolph, J.; Scharffe, S.; Schebeske, G.; Welling, M. Methyl halide emissions from savanna fires in southern Africa. J. Geophys. Res. 1996, 101, 23603–23613. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hao, W.M.; Liu, M.H. Spatial and temporal distribution of biomass burning. Global Biogeochem. Cycle. 1994, 8, 495–503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Muller, J.; Brasseur, G.P. IMAGES: a three-dimensional chemical-transport model of the global troposphere. J. Geophys. Res. 1995, 100, 16455–16490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ward, D.E. Factors Influencing the emissions of gases and particulate matter from biomass burning. Ecolog. Stud. Anal. Syn. USA 1990, 84, 418–425. [Google Scholar]
- Crutzen, P.J.; Andreae, M.O. Biomass burning in the tropics: impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles. Science 1990, 250, 1669–1678. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dwyer, E.J.; Pereira, J.M.C.; Gŕegoire, J.M.; DaCamera, C.C. Characterization of the spatio-temporal patterns of global fire activity using satellite imagery for the period April 1992 to March 1993. J. Biogeo. 1999, 1, 57–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Csiszar, I.; Denis, L.; Giglio, L.; Justice, C.O.; Hewson, J. Global fire activity from two years of MODIS data. Int. J. Wild. Fire 2005, 14, 117–130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Robinson, J.M. Fire from space: global evaluation using infrared remote sensing. Int. J. Remote Sens. 1991, 12, 3–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cooke, W.F.; Koffi, B.; Gŕegoire, J.M. Seasonality of vegetation fires in Africa from remote sensing data and application to a global chemistry model. J. Geophys. Res. 1996, 101, 21051–21066. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barbosa, P.M.; Stroppiana, D.; Gŕegoire, J.M.; Pereira, J.M.C. An assessment of vegetation fire in Africa (1981–1991): Burned areas, burned biomass, and atmospheric emissions. Global Biogeo. Cycle 1999, 13, 933–950. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prins, E.M.; Menzel, W.P. Geostationary satellite detection of biomass burning in South America. Int. J. Remote Sens. 1992, 13, 2783–2799. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Amiro, B.D.; Todd, J.B.; Wotton, B.M.; Logan, K.A.; Flannigan, M.D.; Stocks, B.J.; Mason, J.A.; Martell, D.L.; Hirsch, K.G. Direct carbon emissions from Canadian forest fires, 1959 to 1999. Canadian J. For. Res. 2001, 31, 512–525. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lovejoy, T.E. Biomass burning and the disappearing tropical rainforest. In Global Biomass Burning; Levine, J.S., Ed.; MIT Press: Cambridge, UK, 1991; pp. 77–82. [Google Scholar]
- Christensen, N.L. Fire regimes and ecosystem dynamics. In Fire in the Environment; Crutzen, P.J., Goldammer, J.G., Eds.; Wiley: New York, NY, USA, 1993; pp. 233–244. [Google Scholar]
- White, P.S.; Jentsch, A. The search for generality in studies of disturbance and ecosystem dynamics. In Progress in Botany 62; Kessler, E., Lüttge, U., Kadereit, J.W., Beyschlag, W., Eds.; Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg, Germay, 2001; pp. 399–449. [Google Scholar]
- Menaut, J.C.; Abbadie, L.; Vitousek, P.M. Nutrient and organic matter dynamics in tropical ecosystems. In Fire in the Environment; Crutzen, P.J., Goldammer, J.G., Eds.; Wiley: New York, NY, USA, 1993; pp. 215–230. [Google Scholar]
- Meyn, A.; White, P.S.; Buhk, C.; Jentsch, A. Environmental drivers of large, infrequent wildfires: the emerging conceptual model. Progress Phys. Geog. 2007, 31, 287–312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodgers, W.A.; Panwar, H.S.; Mathur, V.B. Wildlife Protected Area Network in India—A Review: Executive Summary; Wildlife Institute of India: Dehradun, India, 2002; p. 44.
- Wikramanayake, E.D.; Dinerstein, E.; Robinson, J.G.; Karanth, K.U.; Rabinowitz, A.; Olson, D.; Mathew, T.; Hedao, P.; Corner, M.; Hemley, G.; Bolze, D. An ecology-based method for defining priorities for large mammal conservation: the tiger as case study. Cons. Biol. 1998, 12, 865–878. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Murphy, P.G.; Lugo, A.E. Ecology of tropical dry forest. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1986, 17, 67–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sagar, R.; Singh, J.S. Local plant species depletion in a tropical deciduous forest of northern India. Environ. Conser. 2004, 31, 55–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- State of the Forest Report (SFR); Forest survey of India, Ministry of Environment and Forests: New Delhi, India, 2001.
- Bahuguna, V.K. Forest fire prevention and control strategies in India. Int. For. Fire News 1999, 20, 5–9. [Google Scholar]
- MoEnF. National Forestry Action Plan; Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEnF), Government of India: New Delhi, India, 1999.
- Saha, S.; Howe, H.F. The bamboo fire cycle hypothesis: a comment. Amer. Nat. 2001, 158, 659–663. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gadgil, M.; Meher-Homji, V.M. Ecology and Management of World’s Savannas; Tothill, V.M., Mott, J.C., Eds.; Australian Academy of Science: Canberra, Australian, 1985; pp. 107–113. [Google Scholar]
- Schule, W. Landscapes and climate in prehistory: interactions of wildlife, man, and fire. Fire in the tropical biota: ecosystem processes and global challenges. Ecol. Stud. 1990, 84, 273–318. [Google Scholar]
- Raman, T.R.S.; Rawat, G.S.; Johnsingh, A.J.T. Recovery of tropical rainforest avifauna in relation to vegetation succession following shifting cultivation in Mizoram, North-East India. J. Applied Ecol. 1998, 35, 214–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ganesan, R.; Setty, R.S. Regeneration of amla (Phyllanthus emblica and P. indofischeri), an important NTFP from southern India. Cons. Soc. 2004, 2, 365–375. [Google Scholar]
- Rodgers, W.A. The role of fire in the management of wildlife habitats: a review. Indian For. 1986, 112, 845–857. [Google Scholar]
- Saha, S. Anthropogenic fire regime in a deciduous forest of central India. Current Science 2002, 82, 1144–1147. [Google Scholar]
- Bond, W.J.; Woodward, F.I.; Midgley, G.F. The global distribution of ecosystems in a world without fire. New Phytol. 2005, 165, 525–537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Goldammer, J.G.; Furyaev, V.V. Fire in Ecosystems of Boreal Eurasia; Kluwer Academic: Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 1996. [Google Scholar]
- Kiran-Chand, T.R.; Badarinath, K.V.S.; Krishna-Prasad, V.; Murthy, M.S.R.; Elvidge, C.D.; Tuttle, B.T. Monitoring forest fires over the Indian region using Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-Operational Linescan System nighttime satellite data. Remote Sens. Environ. 2006, 103, 165–178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wooster, M.J.; Ceccato, P.; Flasse, S.P. Indonesian fires observed using AVHRR. Int. J. Remote Sens. 1998, 19, 383–386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Di Bella, C.M.; Jobbágy, E.G.; Paruelo, J.M.; Pinnock, S. Continental fire density patterns in South America. Global Ecol. Biogeo. 2006, 15, 192–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Z.; Kaufman, Y.J.; Ichoku, C.; Fraser, R.; Trishchenkp, A.; Giglio, L.; Jin, J.; Yu, X. A review of AVHRR-based active fire detection algorithms: principles, limitations and recommendations. In Global and Regional Vegetation Fire Monitoring from Space: Planning a Coordinated International Effort; SPB Academic: The Hague, The Netherlands, 2001; pp. 199–225. [Google Scholar]
- Giglio, L.; Justice, C.O. Effect of wavelength selection on characterization of fire size and temperature. Int. J. Remote Sens. 2003, 24, 3515–3520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nayar, M.P. Hot Spots of Endemic Plants of India, Nepal and Bhutan; Tropical Botanical Garden and Research Institute: Thiruvananthapuram, India, 1996. [Google Scholar]
- Rodger, W.A.; Panwar, H.S. Planning Wildlife Protected Areas Network in India; Wildlife Institute of India: New Delhi, India, 1988; Volumes 1 and 2.
- Champion, H.G.; Seth, S.K. A Revised Survey of Forest Types of India; Government of India: New Delhi, India, 1968.
- Arino, O.; Plummer, S.; Defrenne, D. The ATSR-2 and AATSR World Fire Atlas Products: Validation, Consistency and Relationship with Climate Variables, ENVISAT; Austria, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Arino, O.; Plummer, S.; Defrenne, D. Fire Disturbance: the Ten Years Time Series of the ATSR World Fire Atlas. In Proceedings MERIS-AATSR Symposium, Frascati, Italy, September 2005.
- Mota, B.W.; Pereira, J.M.C.; Oom, D.; Vasconcelos, M.J.P.; Schultz, M. Screening the ESA ATSR-2 World Fire Atlas (1997–2002). Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss. 2005, 5, 4641–4677. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Malingreau, J.P. The contribution of remote sensing to the global monitoring of fires in tropical and subtropical ecosystems. In Fire in the Tropical Biota; Goldammer, J.G., Ed.; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Germany, 1990; pp. 337–370. [Google Scholar]
- Kaufmann, Y.J.; Setzer, A.; Justice, C.; Tucker, C.J.; Pereira, J.M.C.; Fung, I. Remote sensing of biomass burning in the tropics. In Fire in the Tropical Biota; Goldammer, J.G., Ed.; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Germany, 1990; pp. 371–399. [Google Scholar]
- Kennedy, P.J.; Belward, A.S.; Gregoire, J.M. An improved approach to fire monitoring in West Africa using AVHRR data. Int. J. Remote Sens. 1994, 15, 2235–2255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prata, A.J. Land surface temperatures derived from the advanced very high resolution radiometer and the along-track scanning radiometer. 2: experimental results and validation of AVHRR algorithms. J. Geophys. Res. 1994, 99, 13025–13058. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- World Database on Protected Areas (2004). World Conservation Union (IUCN) and UNEP-World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). Available online at: http://www.wdpa.org/Default.aspx (accessed on 2 February 2010).
- Hijmans, R.J.; Cameron, S.E.; Parra, J.L.; Jones, P.G.; Jarvis, A. The WorldClim interpolated global terrestrial climate surfaces. 2004; Version 1.3. [Google Scholar]
- Census of India. Population Census of India, Government of India. 2001. [Google Scholar]
- USGS. HYDRO1k Elevation Derivative Database. U.S. Geological Survey. Available online at: http://eros.usgs.gov/ (accessed on 21 December 2009).
- Chevan, A.; Sutherland, M. Hierarchical Partitioning. Amer. Statist. 1991, 45, 90–96. [Google Scholar]
- Mac Nally, R. Multiple regression and inference in ecology and conservation biology: further comments on identifying important predictor variables. Biod. Cons. 2002, 11, 1397–1401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- R Development Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing; R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna, Austria, 2007; Available online: http://www.R-project.org/ (accessed on 16December 2009).
- Mac-Nally, R.; Walsh, C.J. Hierarchical partitioning public-domain software. Biod. Cons. 2004, 13, 659–660. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hiremath, A.J.; Sundaram, B. The fire-Lantana cycle hypothesis in Indian forests. Cons. Soc. 2005, 3, 26–42. [Google Scholar]
- Kodandapani, N.; Cochrane, M.A.; Sukumar, R. Conservation threat of increasing fire frequencies in the Western Ghats, India. Cons. Biol. 2004, 18, 1553–1561. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brown, N. Out of control: fires and forestry in Indonesia. Trend. Ecol. Evolut. 1998, 13, 41–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Laurance, W.F. A crisis in the making: responses of Amazonian forests to land use and climate change. Trend. Ecol. Evolut. 1998, 13, 411–415. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kinnaird, M.F.; O'Brien, T.G. Ecological effects of wildfire on lowland rainforest in Sumatra. Cons. Biol. 1998, 12, 954–956. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eva, H.; Lambin, E.F. Remote sensing of biomass burning in tropical regions: sampling issues and multisensor approach. Remote Sens. Environ. 1998, 64, 292–315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Menzel, W.P.; Prins, E.M. Monitoring biomass burning with the new generation of geostationary satellites. In Biomass Burning and Global Change: Remote Sensing, Modeling and Inventory Development, and Biomass Burning in Africa; Levine, J.S., Ed.; MIIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1996; pp. 56–64. [Google Scholar]
- Pack, D.W.; Rice, C.J.; Tressel, B.J.; Lee-Wagner, C.J.; Oshika, E.M. Civilian uses of surveillance satellites. Crosslink 2000, 1, 2–8. [Google Scholar]
- Giglio, L.; Csiszar, I.; Justice, C.O. Global distribution and seasonality of active fires as observed with the Terra and Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors. J. Geophysical Res. 2006, 111, G02016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roy, P.S.; Talukdar, G.; Joshi, P.K. Landscape ecology approach for spatial biodiversity characterization. Botanica 2001, 51, 1–17. [Google Scholar]
- Roy, P.S. Biodiversity Characterisation at Landscape Level in Western Ghats India using Satellite Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System; Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (National Remote Sensing Agency), Department of Space, Government of India: Dehradun India, 2002.
- Srivastava, R.J. Forest fire and biotic interferences—a great threat to Nilgiri biosphere. Int. For. Fire News 2002, 26, 32–36. [Google Scholar]
- Rosenberg, N.J.; Blad, B.L.; Verma, S.B. Microclimate—The Biological Environment; John Wiley and Sons: New York, NY, USA, 1983. [Google Scholar]
- Maingi, J.K.; Henry, M.C. Factors influencing wildfire occurrence and distribution in eastern Kentucky, USA. Int. J. Wild. Fire 2007, 16, 23–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choi, S.D.; Chang, Y.S.; Park, B.K. Increase in carbon emission from forest fires after intensive reforestation and forest management programs. Sci. Total Envi. 2006, 372, 225–235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Giriraj, A. Spatial characterization and conservation prioritization of in Tropical Evergreen Forests of Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu using Geoinformatics. Ph.D. Thesis, Bharathidasan University, Thiruchirapalli, India, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Ramesh, B.R. Patterns of vegetation, biodiversity and endemism in the Western Ghats. Memoir Geol. Soci. India 2001, 47, 973–981. [Google Scholar]
- Subramanyam, K.; Nayar, M.P. Vegetation and phytogeography of the Western Ghats. Memoir Geol. Soci. India 2001, 47, 945–959. [Google Scholar]
- Menon, S.; Bawa, K.S. Applications of geographic information systems, remote-sensing, and a landscape ecology approach to biodiversity conservation in the Western Ghats. Curr. Sci. 1997, 73, 134–144. [Google Scholar]
- Uhl, C.; Kauffman, J.B. Deforestation, fire susceptibility, and potential tree responses to fire in the Eastern Amazon. Ecology 1990, 71, 437–449. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cochrane, M.A.; Schulze, M.D. Fire as a recurrent event in tropical forests of the eastern Amazon: effects on forest structure, biomass, and species composition. Biotropica 1999, 31, 2–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Slik, J.W.; Verburg, R.W.; Kebler, P.J.A. Effects of fire and selective logging on the tree species composition of lowland dipterocarp forest in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biod. Cons. 2002, 11, 85–98. [Google Scholar]
- Barlow, J.; Peres, C.A.; Lagan, B.; Haugaasen, T. Large tree mortality and decline of forest biomass following Amazon wildfires. Ecol. Letters 2003, 6, 6–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hedge, V.; Chandran, M.D.S.; Gadgil, M. Variation in bark thickness in a tropical forest community of Western Ghats in India. Func. Ecol. 1998, 12, 313–318. [Google Scholar]
- World Wildlife Fund. Forest Fires in India; WWF: New Delhi, India, 2003. [Google Scholar]
© 2010 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Share and Cite
Giriraj, A.; Babar, S.; Jentsch, A.; Sudhakar, S.; Murthy, M.S.R. Tracking Fires in India Using Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer (A)ATSR Data. Remote Sens. 2010, 2, 591-610. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs2020591
Giriraj A, Babar S, Jentsch A, Sudhakar S, Murthy MSR. Tracking Fires in India Using Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer (A)ATSR Data. Remote Sensing. 2010; 2(2):591-610. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs2020591
Chicago/Turabian StyleGiriraj, Amarnath, Shilpa Babar, Anke Jentsch, Singuluri Sudhakar, and Manchi Sri Ramachandra Murthy. 2010. "Tracking Fires in India Using Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer (A)ATSR Data" Remote Sensing 2, no. 2: 591-610. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs2020591