A New Earth Crustal Velocity Field Estimation from ROA cGNSS Station Networks in the South of Spain and North Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. GNSS Stations and Data Processing
2.1. General Description of the Emplacements
2.2. Methodology Employed
3. GNSS Network Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Station | Location | Power Supply | Equipment (Receiver/Antenna) | Agency | Period (y/m/d) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Start | Last Data | |||||
ALBO | Alboral Island | Power generator | Trimble NETRS/TRM29659 | ROA | 2009/01/29 | 2023/03/22 |
ALBO | Alboral Island | Power generator | TRIMBLE NETR9/TRM57971.00 | IGN | 2015/11/21 | 2024/06/16 |
ALHU | Alhucemas Rock | Power generator | LEICA GR25/LEIAR25 | ROA | 2022/06/19 | 2024/06/16 |
ALJI | Aljibe Mountain Range | Solar power supply | Trimble NETRS/TRM29659 | Topo-Iberia/ROA | 2008/04/10 | 2023/12/31 |
ALME | Almería | Electric current | TRIMBLE NETR9/TRM29659 | IGS | 2001/01/01 | 2024/06/16 |
AVER | Averroes laboratory | Electric current | Trimble NETRS/TRM29659 | ROA/ISRABAT | 2010/12/20 | 2024/06/16 |
BENI | Beni Melal | Electric current | Trimble NETRS/TRM29659 | Topo-Iberia/ROA | 2008/09/16 | 2014/02/12 |
CEUD | Ceuta Desnarigado | Electric current | Trimble NETRS/TRM29659 | ROA | 2004/01/15 | 2024/06/16 |
CHAF | Isabel II Island | Power generator | Trimble NETRS/TRM29659 | ROA | 2007/10/06 | 2024/04/20 |
ERRA | Errachidia | Electric current | Trimble NETRS/TRM29659 | Topo-Iberia/ROA | 2008/09/16 | 2014/02/12 |
HUEL | Huelva | Electric current | TRIMBLE ALLOY/TRM159900 | IGS | 2003/03/11 | 2024/06/16 |
IFRN | Ifrane laboratory | Electric current | Trimble NETRS/TRM29659 | ROA/ISRABAT | 2018/08/26 | 2022/03/10 |
LAGO | Lago | Electric current | TRIMBLE ALLOY/TRM159900 | IGS | 2000/03/06 | 2024/06/16 |
LIJA | Lijar Mountain Range | Solar power supply | Trimble NETRS/TRM29659 | Topo-Iberia/ROA | 2008/02/12 | 2023/05/16 |
LOJA | Loja Mountain Range | Solar power supply | Trimble NETRS/TRM29659 | Topo-Iberia/ROA | 2008/04/17 | 2021/04/13 |
MALA | Málaga | Electric current | LEICA GR25/LEIAR25.R4 | IGS | 2003/01/01 | 2024/06/16 |
MELI | Melilla | Electric current | Trimble NETRS/TRM29659 | ROA | 2000/01/04 | 2014/12/09 |
MELI | Melilla | Electric current | LEICA GR50/LEIAR25.R4 | IGS | 2011/12/14 | 2024/06/16 |
PVLZ | Vélez Rock | Power generator | LEICA GR25/LEIAR20 | ROA | 2005/04/07 | 2024/06/16 |
RABT | Rabat | Electric current | JAVAD TRE_3 DELTA/TRM29659 | IGS | 2000/04/16 | 2024/06/16 |
ROTA | Rota Naval Base | Electric current | Trimble NETRS/TRM29659 | ROA | 2010/04/07 | 2024/06/16 |
SFER | San Fernando ROA | Electric current | LEICA GR30/LEIAR25 | ROA/IGS | 1995/12/18 | 2024/06/16 |
TARI | Tarifa | Electric current | LEICA GR25/LEIAR20 | IGS | 2010/04/10 | 2022/11/10 |
TAZA | Taza | Electric current | Trimble NETRS/TRM29659 | Topo-Iberia/ROA | 2008/07/23 | 2014/02/12 |
TIOU | Tiouine laboratory | Electric current | Trimble NETRS/TRM29659 | Topo-Iberia/ROA/ISRABAT | 2008/09/16 | 2024/06/16 |
Station | Total Vel (mm/year) | SD (mm/year) | EURA Vel (mm/year) | SD (mm/year) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
East | North | East | North | East | North | East | North | |
SFER PRIDE | 16.55 | 16.98 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 | −3.12 | 0.32 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 |
SFER IGS | 16.37 | 17.02 | ±0.02 | ±0.02 | −3.28 | 0.39 | ±0.02 | ±0.02 |
Station | IGb20 Vel (mm/year) | SD (mm/year) | EURA Vel (mm/year) | SD (mm/year) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
East | North | East | North | |||||||||
East | North | East | North | LS | MIDAS | LS | MIDAS | LS | MIDAS | LS | MIDAS | |
ALBO ROA | 16.14 | 17.69 | ±0.03 | ±0.03 | −4.20 | −4.33 | 1.14 | 1.12 | ±0.04 | ±0.17 | ±0.03 | ±0.13 |
ALBO IGN | 18.09 | 17.80 | ±0.03 | ±0.03 | −2.43 | −2.40 | 1.34 | 1.25 | ±0.03 | ±0.21 | ±0.03 | ±0.16 |
ALHU | 14.69 | 15.22 | ±0.20 | ±0.20 | −6.01 | - | 1.68 | - | ±0.787 | - | ±0.58 | - |
ALJI | 16.19 | 17.67 | ±0.03 | ±0.03 | −3.86 | −4.45 | 0.68 | 0.71 | ±0.03 | ±0.55 | ±0.01 | ±0.31 |
ALME | 18.81 | 16.64 | ±0.02 | ±0.02 | −1.39 | −1.25 | −0.01 | −0.01 | ±0.02 | ±0.02 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 |
AVER | 14.71 | 16.57 | ±0.08 | ±0.08 | −5.83 | −5.59 | −0.95 | −1.31 | ±0.05 | ±0.41 | ±0.02 | ±0.19 |
BENI | 16.62 | 17.94 | ±0.02 | ±0.02 | −3.89 | −3.96 | 1.27 | 1.09 | ±0.02 | ±0.15 | ±0.02 | ±0.17 |
CEUD | 15.83 | 16.94 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 | −3.90 | −4.17 | 0.74 | 0.51 | ±0.02 | ±0.26 | ±0.02 | ±0.17 |
CHAF | 16.91 | 18.02 | ±0.09 | ±0.09 | −3.63 | −3.82 | 1.49 | 1.79 | ±0.03 | ±0.14 | ±0.04 | ±0.18 |
ERRA | 15.76 | 18.91 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 | −3.83 | −4.01 | 2.22 | 2.13 | ±0.01 | ±0.15 | ±0.01 | ±0.16 |
HUEL | 17.55 | 17.51 | ±0.02 | ±0.02 | −1.94 | −1.90 | 0.90 | 0.89 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 |
IFRN | 17.60 | 17.54 | ±0.06 | ±0.06 | −2.87 | −2.73 | 0.94 | 1.18 | ±0.06 | ±0.22 | ±0.06 | ±0.20 |
LAGO | 17.42 | 17.41 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 | −1.67 | −1.60 | 0.81 | 0.79 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 |
LIJA | 17.62 | 17.97 | ±0.02 | ±0.02 | −2.07 | −2.26 | 1.37 | 0.92 | ±0.03 | ±0.19 | ±0.03 | ±0.21 |
LOJA | 17.53 | 16.43 | ±0.01 | ±0.02 | −2.32 | −2.29 | −0.13 | −0.22 | ±0.02 | ±0.14 | ±0.01 | ±0.19 |
MALA | 17.13 | 1.94 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 | −2.87 | −2.78 | −0.83 | −0.80 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 |
MELI ROA | 18.04 | 18.41 | ±0.03 | ±0.03 | −2.39 | −2.91 | 1.86 | 2.04 | ±0.04 | ±0.18 | ±0.03 | ±0.15 |
MELI IGN | 17.46 | 18.76 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 | −2.89 | −2.93 | 1.65 | 1.86 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 |
PVLZ | 15.06 | 17.34 | ±0.10 | ±0.10 | −5.19 | −5.70 | 0.75 | 0.98 | ±0.11 | ±0.22 | ±0.10 | ±0.23 |
RABT | 16.38 | 18.04 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 | −3.75 | −3.68 | 1.43 | 1.40 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 |
ROTA | 18.27 | 19.64 | ±0.34 | ±0.34 | −2.38 | −1.85 | 2.22 | −1.60 | ±0.04 | ±0.60 | ±0.04 | ±0.22 |
SFER | 16.55 | 16.98 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 | −3.12 | −3.29 | 0.32 | 0.43 | ±0.01 | ±0.07 | ±0.01 | 0.06 |
TARI | 15.83 | 18.04 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 | −4.46 | −4.32 | 1.16 | 1.10 | ±0.001 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 | ±0.01 |
TAZA | 17.31 | 19.17 | ±0.11 | ±0.10 | −3.18 | −2.91 | 2.58 | 1.88 | ±0.02 | ±0.39 | ±0.01 | 0.36 |
TIOU | 16.48 | 17.93 | ±0.14 | ±0.14 | −4.20 | −4.27 | 1.21 | 1.13 | ±0.01 | ±0.09 | ±0.01 | ±0.11 |
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Rodríguez Collantes, D.; Blanco Hernández, A.; de Lacy Pérez de los Cobos, M.C.; Galindo-Zaldivar, J.; Gil, A.J.; Sánchez Piedra, M.Á.; Mastere, M.; Ouchen, I. A New Earth Crustal Velocity Field Estimation from ROA cGNSS Station Networks in the South of Spain and North Africa. Remote Sens. 2025, 17, 704. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17040704
Rodríguez Collantes D, Blanco Hernández A, de Lacy Pérez de los Cobos MC, Galindo-Zaldivar J, Gil AJ, Sánchez Piedra MÁ, Mastere M, Ouchen I. A New Earth Crustal Velocity Field Estimation from ROA cGNSS Station Networks in the South of Spain and North Africa. Remote Sensing. 2025; 17(4):704. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17040704
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodríguez Collantes, David, Abel Blanco Hernández, María Clara de Lacy Pérez de los Cobos, Jesús Galindo-Zaldivar, Antonio J. Gil, Manuel Ángel Sánchez Piedra, Mohamed Mastere, and Ibrahim Ouchen. 2025. "A New Earth Crustal Velocity Field Estimation from ROA cGNSS Station Networks in the South of Spain and North Africa" Remote Sensing 17, no. 4: 704. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17040704
APA StyleRodríguez Collantes, D., Blanco Hernández, A., de Lacy Pérez de los Cobos, M. C., Galindo-Zaldivar, J., Gil, A. J., Sánchez Piedra, M. Á., Mastere, M., & Ouchen, I. (2025). A New Earth Crustal Velocity Field Estimation from ROA cGNSS Station Networks in the South of Spain and North Africa. Remote Sensing, 17(4), 704. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17040704