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Remote Sensing
Volume 17
Issue 23
10.3390/rs17233903
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Versatile FourierTransform Spectrometer Model for Earth Observation Missions Validated with In-Flight Systems Measurements

by
Tom Piekarski
1,
Christophe Buisset
1,*,
Anne Kleinert
2,
Felix Friedl-Vallon
2,
Arnaud Heliere
1,
Julian Hofmann
1,
Ljubiša Babić
1,3,
Micael Dias Miranda
1,
Tobias Guggenmoser
1,
Daniel Lamarre
1,
Flavio Mariani
1,
Felice Vanin
1 and
Ben Veihelmann
1
1
European Space Agency, 2201 AZ Noordwijk, The Netherlands
2
Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
3
Aurora Technology B.V., 2201 AA Noordwijk, The Netherlands
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(23), 3903; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17233903 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 23 October 2025 / Accepted: 30 November 2025 / Published: 30 November 2025
Versions Notes

Abstract

Fourier-transform spectrometers (FTSs) are cornerstone instruments in Earth observation space missions, effectively monitoring atmospheric gases in missions such as Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS), and Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI). It will also be the core instrument of Meteosat Third Generation—Sounding (MTG-S) and the future Earth Explorer (EE) mission Far-infrared Outgoing Radiation Understanding and Monitoring (FORUM). Building on this legacy, the European Space Agency (ESA) has developed an FTS instrument and an inverse model designed to estimate the radiometric and spectral performance from a set of instrumental parameters. The model and its validation using in-flight measurements of the FTS instrument Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere (GLORIA)-Lite are described in this paper. The results indicate that the difference between the model predictions and the measured signal is less than 2% relative to the average of the measurements. Moreover, we can correctly predict the instrument’s radiometric gain and offset and reconstruct a scientific science spectrum. This model can be utilised effectively to evaluate the radiometric performance of future FTS missions.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Piekarski, T.; Buisset, C.; Kleinert, A.; Friedl-Vallon, F.; Heliere, A.; Hofmann, J.; Babić, L.; Miranda, M.D.; Guggenmoser, T.; Lamarre, D.; et al. Versatile FourierTransform Spectrometer Model for Earth Observation Missions Validated with In-Flight Systems Measurements. Remote Sens. 2025, 17, 3903. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17233903

AMA Style

Piekarski T, Buisset C, Kleinert A, Friedl-Vallon F, Heliere A, Hofmann J, Babić L, Miranda MD, Guggenmoser T, Lamarre D, et al. Versatile FourierTransform Spectrometer Model for Earth Observation Missions Validated with In-Flight Systems Measurements. Remote Sensing. 2025; 17(23):3903. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17233903

Chicago/Turabian Style

Piekarski, Tom, Christophe Buisset, Anne Kleinert, Felix Friedl-Vallon, Arnaud Heliere, Julian Hofmann, Ljubiša Babić, Micael Dias Miranda, Tobias Guggenmoser, Daniel Lamarre, and et al. 2025. "Versatile FourierTransform Spectrometer Model for Earth Observation Missions Validated with In-Flight Systems Measurements" Remote Sensing 17, no. 23: 3903. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17233903

APA Style

Piekarski, T., Buisset, C., Kleinert, A., Friedl-Vallon, F., Heliere, A., Hofmann, J., Babić, L., Miranda, M. D., Guggenmoser, T., Lamarre, D., Mariani, F., Vanin, F., & Veihelmann, B. (2025). Versatile FourierTransform Spectrometer Model for Earth Observation Missions Validated with In-Flight Systems Measurements. Remote Sensing, 17(23), 3903. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17233903

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