The Intertwined Factors Affecting Altimeter Sigma0

Radar altimeters receive radio-wave reflections from nadir and determine surface parameters from the strength and shape of the return signal. Over the oceans, the strength of the return, termed sigma0 (${\sigma }^0$), is strongly related to the small-scale roughness of the ocean surface and is used to estimate near-surface wind speed. However, a number of other factors affect ${\sigma }^0$, and these need to be estimated and compensated for when developing long-term consistent ${\sigma }^0$ records spanning multiple missions. Aside from unresolved issues of absolute calibration, there are various geophysical factors (sea surface temperature, wave height and rain) that have an effect. The choice of the waveform retracking algorithm also affects the ${\sigma }^0$ values, with the four-parameter Maximum Likelihood Estimator introducing a strong dependence on waveform-derived mispointing and the use of delay-Doppler processing leading to apparent variation with spacecraft radial velocity. As all of these terms have strong geographical correlations, care is required to disentangle these various effects in order to establish a long-term consistent record. This goal will enable a better investigation of the long-term changes in wind speed at sea.