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Remote Sensing
Volume 17
Issue 22
10.3390/rs17223672
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Monthly Convective Boundary Layer Height Study over Brazil Using Radiosonde, ERA5, and COSMIC-2 Data

by
Gregori de Arruda Moreira
1,
María Jesús Pérez Herrera
2,
Ginés Garnés Morales
3,4,
Maria João Costa
4,
Alexandre Cacheffo
5,
Samara Carbone
6,
Fábio Juliano da Silva Lopes
7,
Jesús Abril-Gago
2,8,
Juana Andújar-Maqueda
2,8,
Ediclê de Souza Fernandes Duarte
4,
Vanda Cristina Pires Salgueiro
4,
Daniele Bortoli
4 and
Juan Luis Guerrero-Rascado
2,8,*
1
Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of São Paulo (IFSP), Department of Sciences and Mathematics (DCM), São Paulo 01109-101, Brazil
2
Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), University of Granada, 18006 Granada, Spain
3
Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6UR, UK
4
Center for Sci-Tech Research in Earth System and Energy—CREATE, Universidade de Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
5
Pontal Institute of Exact and Natural Sciences (ICENP), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Campus Pontal, Ituiutaba 38304-402, Minas Gerais, Brazil
6
Institute of Agricultural Sciences (ICIAG), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlânda 38408-100, Brazil
7
Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences (ICAQF), Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Campus Diadema, Diadema 09913-030, Brazil
8
Department of Applied Physics, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(22), 3672; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17223672 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 26 August 2025 / Revised: 29 October 2025 / Accepted: 30 October 2025 / Published: 7 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Atmospheric Remote Sensing)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Although the atmospheric boundary layer height (ABLH) is a highly relevant parameter for various meteorological studies, the analysis of its behavior remains undersampled in South America, especially in Brazil. In this context, this work presents a monthly characterization of the ABLH during the convective period (Convective Boundary Layer Height-CBLH) using radiosonde data and a comparison between the monthly patterns obtained from ERA5 and COSMIC-2 data. The results demonstrate that, based on radiosonde data, the CBLH can be grouped into six regions (Northern Amazon, North, Northeast, Midwest, Southeast, and South), with seasonality varying according to the continentality and the climate to which they are exposed. The ERA5 and COSMIC-2 data show considerable agreement for most of the year [average absolute difference of [362 ± 182] m] and demonstrate the same seasonality observed in radiosondes for the North Amazon, North, Northeast, Southeast, and South regions. The highest discrepancies between ERA5 and COSMIC-2 occur during the fire season, mainly at Midwest region, reaching 802 m in July, likely linked to the sensitivity of the COSMIC-2 to fire plumes.
Keywords: Convective Boundary Layer; COSMIC-2; ERA5; radiosonde Convective Boundary Layer; COSMIC-2; ERA5; radiosonde

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MDPI and ACS Style

de Arruda Moreira, G.; Pérez Herrera, M.J.; Garnés Morales, G.; Costa, M.J.; Cacheffo, A.; Carbone, S.; Lopes, F.J.d.S.; Abril-Gago, J.; Andújar-Maqueda, J.; de Souza Fernandes Duarte, E.; et al. Monthly Convective Boundary Layer Height Study over Brazil Using Radiosonde, ERA5, and COSMIC-2 Data. Remote Sens. 2025, 17, 3672. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17223672

AMA Style

de Arruda Moreira G, Pérez Herrera MJ, Garnés Morales G, Costa MJ, Cacheffo A, Carbone S, Lopes FJdS, Abril-Gago J, Andújar-Maqueda J, de Souza Fernandes Duarte E, et al. Monthly Convective Boundary Layer Height Study over Brazil Using Radiosonde, ERA5, and COSMIC-2 Data. Remote Sensing. 2025; 17(22):3672. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17223672

Chicago/Turabian Style

de Arruda Moreira, Gregori, María Jesús Pérez Herrera, Ginés Garnés Morales, Maria João Costa, Alexandre Cacheffo, Samara Carbone, Fábio Juliano da Silva Lopes, Jesús Abril-Gago, Juana Andújar-Maqueda, Ediclê de Souza Fernandes Duarte, and et al. 2025. "Monthly Convective Boundary Layer Height Study over Brazil Using Radiosonde, ERA5, and COSMIC-2 Data" Remote Sensing 17, no. 22: 3672. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17223672

APA Style

de Arruda Moreira, G., Pérez Herrera, M. J., Garnés Morales, G., Costa, M. J., Cacheffo, A., Carbone, S., Lopes, F. J. d. S., Abril-Gago, J., Andújar-Maqueda, J., de Souza Fernandes Duarte, E., Pires Salgueiro, V. C., Bortoli, D., & Guerrero-Rascado, J. L. (2025). Monthly Convective Boundary Layer Height Study over Brazil Using Radiosonde, ERA5, and COSMIC-2 Data. Remote Sensing, 17(22), 3672. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17223672

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