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Volume 17
Issue 16
10.3390/rs17162906
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Article

Post-Sunrise Ionospheric Irregularities in Southeast Asia During the Geomagnetic Storm on 19–20 April 2024

by
Prayitno Abadi
1,2,
Ihsan Naufal Muafiry
1,
Teguh Nugraha Pratama
1,
Angga Yolanda Putra
3,
Agri Faturahman
4,
Noersomadi
1,
Edy Maryadi
5,
Febrylian Fahmi Chabibi
6,
Umar Ali Ahmad
2,
Guozhu Li
7,
Wenjie Sun
7,
Haiyong Xie
7,
Yuichi Otsuka
8,
Septi Perwitasari
9 and
Punyawi Jamjareegulgran
10,*
1
Research Center for Climate and Atmosphere, Indonesian National Research and Innovation Agency, Bandung 40135, Indonesia
2
Center of Excellence of Sustainable Energy and Climate Change, Telkom University, Bandung 40257, Indonesia
3
Directorate of Laboratory Management Facilities and Science and Technology Park, Indonesian National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Pontianak 78241, Indonesia
4
Research Center for Space, Indonesian National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bandung 40135, Indonesia
5
Research Center for Artificial Intelligence and Cyber Security, Indonesian National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bandung 40135, Indonesia
6
Indonesian Geospatial Information Agency (BIG), Jakarta 16911, Indonesia
7
Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
8
Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research (ISEE), Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
9
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Tokyo 184-8795, Japan
10
King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL), Prince of Chumphon Campus, Chumphon 86160, Thailand
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(16), 2906; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17162906
Submission received: 6 July 2025 / Revised: 15 August 2025 / Accepted: 17 August 2025 / Published: 20 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Atmospheric Remote Sensing)
Versions Notes

Abstract

We present new insights into post-sunrise ionospheric irregularities in Southeast Asia during the intense geomagnetic storm of 19–20 April 2024. By utilizing Total Electron Content (TEC) and Rate of TEC Change Index (ROTI) maps, along with ionosondes, we identified the emergence of post-sunset Equatorial Plasma Bubbles (EPBs)—plasma depletion structures and irregularities—in western Southeast Asia on 19 April. These EPBs moved eastward, and the irregularities dissipated before midnight after the EPBs covered approximately 10° of longitude. Interestingly, plasma density depletion structures persisted and turned westward after midnight until post-sunrise the following day. Concurrently, an increase in F-region height from midnight to sunrise, possibly induced by the storm’s electric field, facilitated the regeneration of irregularities in the residual plasma depletions during the post-sunrise period. The significant increase in F-region height was particularly pronounced in western Southeast Asia. As a result, post-sunrise irregularities expanded their latitudinal structure while propagating westward. These findings suggest that areas with decayed plasma depletion structures from post-sunset EPBs that last past midnight could be sites for creating post-sunrise irregularities during geomagnetic storms. The storm-induced electric fields produce EPBs and ionospheric irregularities at longitudes where the surviving plasma depletion structures of post-sunset EPBs are present.
Keywords: equatorial ionosphere; geomagnetic storm; equatorial plasma bubble; ionospheric irregularities; sunrise irregularities equatorial ionosphere; geomagnetic storm; equatorial plasma bubble; ionospheric irregularities; sunrise irregularities

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Abadi, P.; Muafiry, I.N.; Pratama, T.N.; Putra, A.Y.; Faturahman, A.; Noersomadi; Maryadi, E.; Chabibi, F.F.; Ahmad, U.A.; Li, G.; et al. Post-Sunrise Ionospheric Irregularities in Southeast Asia During the Geomagnetic Storm on 19–20 April 2024. Remote Sens. 2025, 17, 2906. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17162906

AMA Style

Abadi P, Muafiry IN, Pratama TN, Putra AY, Faturahman A, Noersomadi, Maryadi E, Chabibi FF, Ahmad UA, Li G, et al. Post-Sunrise Ionospheric Irregularities in Southeast Asia During the Geomagnetic Storm on 19–20 April 2024. Remote Sensing. 2025; 17(16):2906. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17162906

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abadi, Prayitno, Ihsan Naufal Muafiry, Teguh Nugraha Pratama, Angga Yolanda Putra, Agri Faturahman, Noersomadi, Edy Maryadi, Febrylian Fahmi Chabibi, Umar Ali Ahmad, Guozhu Li, and et al. 2025. "Post-Sunrise Ionospheric Irregularities in Southeast Asia During the Geomagnetic Storm on 19–20 April 2024" Remote Sensing 17, no. 16: 2906. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17162906

APA Style

Abadi, P., Muafiry, I. N., Pratama, T. N., Putra, A. Y., Faturahman, A., Noersomadi, Maryadi, E., Chabibi, F. F., Ahmad, U. A., Li, G., Sun, W., Xie, H., Otsuka, Y., Perwitasari, S., & Jamjareegulgran, P. (2025). Post-Sunrise Ionospheric Irregularities in Southeast Asia During the Geomagnetic Storm on 19–20 April 2024. Remote Sensing, 17(16), 2906. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17162906

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