FAIS: Fully Automatic Indoor Surveying Framework of Terrestrial Laser Scanning Point Clouds in Large-Scale Indoor Environments

Li, Wenhao; Jia, Tong; Guo, Shiyi; Zhou, Yunchun; Liu, Yizhe; Wang, Hao

doi:10.3390/rs17162863

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Open AccessArticle

FAIS: Fully Automatic Indoor Surveying Framework of Terrestrial Laser Scanning Point Clouds in Large-Scale Indoor Environments

by

Wenhao Li

,

Tong Jia

^*,

Shiyi Guo

,

Yunchun Zhou

,

Yizhe Liu

and

Hao Wang

College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(16), 2863; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17162863 (registering DOI)

Submission received: 22 June 2025 / Revised: 4 August 2025 / Accepted: 14 August 2025 / Published: 17 August 2025

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Abstract

This article presents a novel fully automatic indoor surveying (FAIS) framework for large-scale indoor environments using a Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) hardware system. Traditional methods for indoor surveying are labor-intensive and time-consuming, as they rely on manually positioning scanners for data capture and placing markers for registration. What is more, positioning scanners manually may cause uneven scanning or rescanning, including unstructured areas specifically. To ensure full coverage of the scene, we precisely obtain the number and location of scan stations through the Signed Distance Function (SDF) based method. Meanwhile, we propose an efficient large-scale dense point cloud registration method without markers. The proposed framework is adapted to environments where the scanner operates on a flat surface, such as office spaces, theater stage spaces, urban areas, and some cultural heritage scenic areas. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed method decreases computation time and obtains a more complete point cloud.

Keywords: indoor surveying; TLS observation network planning; signed distance function; point cloud registration

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MDPI and ACS Style

Li, W.; Jia, T.; Guo, S.; Zhou, Y.; Liu, Y.; Wang, H. FAIS: Fully Automatic Indoor Surveying Framework of Terrestrial Laser Scanning Point Clouds in Large-Scale Indoor Environments. Remote Sens. 2025, 17, 2863. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17162863

AMA Style

Li W, Jia T, Guo S, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Wang H. FAIS: Fully Automatic Indoor Surveying Framework of Terrestrial Laser Scanning Point Clouds in Large-Scale Indoor Environments. Remote Sensing. 2025; 17(16):2863. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17162863

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li, Wenhao, Tong Jia, Shiyi Guo, Yunchun Zhou, Yizhe Liu, and Hao Wang. 2025. "FAIS: Fully Automatic Indoor Surveying Framework of Terrestrial Laser Scanning Point Clouds in Large-Scale Indoor Environments" Remote Sensing 17, no. 16: 2863. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17162863

APA Style

Li, W., Jia, T., Guo, S., Zhou, Y., Liu, Y., & Wang, H. (2025). FAIS: Fully Automatic Indoor Surveying Framework of Terrestrial Laser Scanning Point Clouds in Large-Scale Indoor Environments. Remote Sensing, 17(16), 2863. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17162863

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FAIS: Fully Automatic Indoor Surveying Framework of Terrestrial Laser Scanning Point Clouds in Large-Scale Indoor Environments

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