Comparing Water Indices for Landsat Data for Automated Surface Water Body Extraction under Complex Ground Background: A Case Study in Jilin Province
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Related Works
1.2.1. Construction and Selection of Water Index
1.2.2. Determination of the Optimal Segmentation Threshold
1.2.3. Monthly Distribution of Surface Water
1.3. Contributions
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Materials
2.2.1. Landsat Multispectral Data and Preprocessing
2.2.2. Selection of Reference Samples
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Calculating Multispectral Water Indices
2.3.2. Obtaining Optimal Segmentation Thresholds Using the OTSU Algorithm
2.3.3. Surface Water Mapping and Accuracy Analysis Method
3. Results
3.1. Visual Analysis of Inter-Class Separability
3.2. Analysis of Segmentation Threshold
3.2.1. Sensitivity of Segmentation Threshold
3.2.2. Robustness of the Optimal Threshold
3.3. The Accuracy of Water Extraction
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
2D-OTSU | Two-dimensional OTSU |
AWEI | Automated Water Extraction Index |
AWEIsh | Automated Water Extraction Index for images with shadows |
AWEInsh | Automated Water Extraction Index for images without shadows |
CE | Commission error |
DN | Digital number |
EWI | Enhanced Water Index |
FLAASH | Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Hypercubes |
IWS | Index of Water Surfaces |
Ka | Kappa coefficient |
MBWI | Multi-Band Water Index |
MNDWI | Modified Normalized Difference Water Index |
MODIS | Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer |
NCIWI | New Comprehensive Water Index |
NDWI3 | Modified Normalized Difference Water Index |
NIR | Near-infrared |
NWI | New Water Index |
OA | Overall accuracy |
OE | Omission error |
OLI | Operational Land Imager |
SAR | Synthetic aperture radar |
SWI | Sentinel-2 Water Index |
SWIR | Short-wave infrared |
TM | Landsat Thematic Mapper |
TOA | Top of atmosphere |
WI2015 | Water Index built in 2015 |
WRI | Water Ratio Index |
WOTSU | Weighted one-dimensional OTSU |
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No. | Band Name | Center Wavelength (nm) | Spatial Resolution (m) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
TM | OLI | |||
1 | Coastal Aerosol | - | 443 | 30 |
2 | Blue | 485 | 482 | 30 |
3 | Green | 569 | 561 | 30 |
4 | Red | 660 | 655 | 30 |
5 | NIR | 840 | 865 | 30 |
6 | SWIR1 | 1676 | 1609 | 30 |
7 | SWIR2 | 2223 | 2201 | 30 |
8 | Pan | - | 592 | 15 |
9 | Cirrus | - | 1373 | 30 |
Path/Row | 119/028 (Chagan Lake) | 119/029 (Chagan Lake) | 117/030 (Songhua Lake) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Months | 2000 (TM) | 2021 (OLI) | 2000 (TM) | 2021 (OLI) | 1999 (TM) | 2019 (OLI) |
May | 28 May 2000 | 22 May 2021 | 28 May 2000 | 22 May 2021 | 25 May 1998 | 3 May 2019 |
June | 11 June 1999 | 7 June 2021 | 11 June 1999 | 7 June 2021 | 29 June 1999 | 1 June 2018 |
July | 31 July 2000 | 22 July 2020 | 31 July 2000 | 22 July 2020 | 15 July 1999 | 6 July 2019 |
August | 16 August 2000 | 26 August 2021 | 16 August 2000 | 17 August 2021 | 10 August 1997 | 31 August 2022 |
7 August 2020 | ||||||
September | 15 September 1999 | 27 September 2021 | 15 September 1999 | 27 September 2021 | 3 September 2000 | 24 September 2019 |
October | 3 October 2000 | 13 October 2021 | 3 October 2000 | 13 October 2021 | 3 October 1999 | 7 October 2018 |
Land Use Type | Number of Samples | |
---|---|---|
Chagan Lake | Songhua Lake | |
Water | 100 | 135 |
Wetland | 45 | - |
Paddy field | 100 | 80 |
Dryland | 120 | 100 |
Woods | 40 | 160 |
Grassland | 50 | - |
Construction land | 90 | 80 |
Unused land | 30 | - |
Index | Equation | Reference |
---|---|---|
AWEI | AWEInsh: 4 × (Green−SWIR1) − (0.25 × NIR + 2.75 × SWIR2) | [23] |
AWEIsh: Blue + 2.5 × Green − 1.5 × (NIR + SWIR1) − 0.25 × SWIR2 | ||
EWI | (Green − NIR − SWIR1)/(Green + NIR + SWIR1) | [17] |
MBWI | 2 × Green−Red−NIR − SWIR1 − SWIR2 | [22] |
MNDWI | (Green−SWIR1)/(Green + SWIR1) | [16] |
NCIWI | (NIR − Red)/(NIR + Red) + NIR + SWIR1 + SWIR2 | [45] |
NDWI3 | (NIR − SWIR1)/(NIR + SWIR1) | [46] |
NWI | (Blue − NIR − SWIR1 − SWIR2)/(Blue + NIR + SWIR1 + SWIR2) | [18] |
SWI | Blue + Green − NIR | [31] |
WRI | (Green + Red)/(NIR + SWIR1) | [21] |
IWS | 2 × (4 × SWIR1 − Blue)/SWIR1 − 2 × SWIR1/Blue 1 | [20] |
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Liu, S.; Wu, Y.; Zhang, G.; Lin, N.; Liu, Z. Comparing Water Indices for Landsat Data for Automated Surface Water Body Extraction under Complex Ground Background: A Case Study in Jilin Province. Remote Sens. 2023, 15, 1678. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061678
Liu S, Wu Y, Zhang G, Lin N, Liu Z. Comparing Water Indices for Landsat Data for Automated Surface Water Body Extraction under Complex Ground Background: A Case Study in Jilin Province. Remote Sensing. 2023; 15(6):1678. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061678
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Shu, Yanfeng Wu, Guangxin Zhang, Nan Lin, and Zihao Liu. 2023. "Comparing Water Indices for Landsat Data for Automated Surface Water Body Extraction under Complex Ground Background: A Case Study in Jilin Province" Remote Sensing 15, no. 6: 1678. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15061678