Climatic, Decadal, and Interannual Variability in the Upper Layer of the Mediterranean Sea Using Remotely Sensed and In-Situ Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- The daily (1/8° Mercator projection grid) Absolute Dynamic Topography (ADT) derived from altimeter and distributed by CMEMS (product user manual CMEMS-SL-QUID_008-032-051). The ADT was obtained by the sum of the sea level anomaly and a 20-year synthetic mean estimated by Rio et al. [53] over the 1993–2012 period.
- Monthly surface salinity fields (~1 m depth) derived from the surface MEDSEA products (https://doi.org/10.25423/CMCC/MEDSEA_MULTIYEAR_PHY_006_004_E3R1, downloaded on 20 April 2021) distributed by CMEMS. This product is assessed using a variational data assimilation scheme for temperature and salinity’s vertical profiles; SST and satellite sea level anomaly along track data [56].
- Evaporation and precipitation data downloaded from the hourly ERA5 reanalysis, the fifth generation ECMWF reanalysis for the global climate and weather, that combine model data with observations (doi:10.24381/cds.adbb2d47; [57]). The spatial resolution is 0.25° × 0.25°.
- Salinity data derived from the Word Ocean Database (WOD; [61]) vertically averaged in the surface (0–150 m) and intermediate (200–450 m) layers.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. First EOF Mode (EOF1)
3.2. Second EOF Mode (EOF2)
3.3. Correlation between Independent Variables
3.4. Comparison between Model and In-Situ Salinity Data in the Eastern Mediterranean
4. Summary and Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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EOF1 | MED | WMED | CMED | EMED | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ADT | Exp. Var | 63.1% | 66.4% | 56.7% | 72.5% |
Time scale | Int/Clim | Int/Clim | Int/Clim | Int/Clim | |
Corr. vs. PC1 MED | 0.94 | 0.98 | 0.97 | ||
Trend (cm·year−1) | 0.33 | 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.37 | |
SST | Exp. Var | 68.5% | 81% | 78.4% | 86.7% |
Time scale | Int/Clim | Int/Clim | Int/Clim | Int/Clim | |
Corr. vs. PC1 MED | 0.85 | 0.97 | 0.91 | ||
Trend (°C·year−1) | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | |
SSS | Exp. Var | 28.3% | 44.1% | 41.2% | 66.3% |
Time scale | Int/Clim | Int/Clim | Dec (NIG) | Dec (NIG) | |
Corr. vs. PC1 MED | 0.87 | 0.60 | 0.53 | ||
Trend (year−1) | 0.010 | 0.011 | 0.013 | 0.009 | |
E-P | Exp. Var | 48.9 | 72.8 | 56.3 | 69.9 |
Time scale | Int/Clim | Int/Clim | Int/Clim | Int/Clim | |
Corr. vs. PC1 MED | 0.90 | 0.94 | 0.56 | ||
Trend (m·year−1) | 0.010 | 0.013 | 0.012 | 0.006 | |
EOF2 | MED | WMED | CMED | EMED | |
ADT | Exp. Var | 9.4 | 7.6 | 20.8 | 7.8 |
Time scale | Dec (NIG) | Dec (local) | Dec (NIG) | Dec (local) | |
Corr. vs. PC2 MED | 0.2 | 0.94 | 0.3 | ||
SST | Exp. Var | 12.9 | 6.5 | 6.6 | 2.8 |
Time scale | Dec (dipolar) | Dec (dipolar) | Dec (NIG, dipolar) | Dec (NIG, dipolar) | |
Corr. vs. PC2 MED | 0.17 | 0.61 | 0.20 | ||
SSS | Exp. Var | 22.2 | 16.7 | 23.4 | 17.1 |
Time scale | Dec (NIG) | Dec (dipolar) | Int (dipolar) | Int (dipolar) | |
Corr. vs. PC2 MED | −0.40 | 0.60 | 0.57 | ||
E-P | Exp. Var | 22 | 7.9 | 17.4 | 13.8 |
Time scale | Dec (dipolar) | Dec | Dec | Dec | |
Corr. vs. PC2 MED | 0.10 | 0.84 | 0.39 |
PC1 | MED | WMED | CMED | EMED |
---|---|---|---|---|
ADT/SST | 0.83 | 0.75 | 0.73 | 0.82 |
ADT/E-P | 0.62 | 0.59 | 0.50 | 0.32 |
SST/E-P | 0.53 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.25 |
SSS/E-P | 0.54 | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0.22 |
PC2 | MED | WMED | CMED | EMED |
ADT/SST | 0.29 | 0.16 | 0.60 | 0.12 |
ADT/E-P | 0.35 | −0.36 | 0.27 | 0.62 |
SST/E-P | −0.11 | −0.13 | −0.03 | −0.25 |
SSS/E-P | 0.50 | 0.40 | 0.14 | 0.51 |
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Menna, M.; Gačić, M.; Martellucci, R.; Notarstefano, G.; Fedele, G.; Mauri, E.; Gerin, R.; Poulain, P.-M. Climatic, Decadal, and Interannual Variability in the Upper Layer of the Mediterranean Sea Using Remotely Sensed and In-Situ Data. Remote Sens. 2022, 14, 1322. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14061322
Menna M, Gačić M, Martellucci R, Notarstefano G, Fedele G, Mauri E, Gerin R, Poulain P-M. Climatic, Decadal, and Interannual Variability in the Upper Layer of the Mediterranean Sea Using Remotely Sensed and In-Situ Data. Remote Sensing. 2022; 14(6):1322. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14061322
Chicago/Turabian StyleMenna, Milena, Miroslav Gačić, Riccardo Martellucci, Giulio Notarstefano, Giusy Fedele, Elena Mauri, Riccardo Gerin, and Pierre-Marie Poulain. 2022. "Climatic, Decadal, and Interannual Variability in the Upper Layer of the Mediterranean Sea Using Remotely Sensed and In-Situ Data" Remote Sensing 14, no. 6: 1322. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14061322