Improved Landscape Expansion Index and Its Application to Urban Growth in Urumqi
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Effective Identification of Landscape Expansion Patterns
2.2. Comparison Verification
2.3. Calculation of the Landscape Scale Compactness
3. Application over Urumqi
3.1. Study Area and Data
3.2. Landscape Expansion Pattern
3.3. Landscape Scale Compactness
3.4. Urban Historical Transformation Trajectories and Expansion Direction
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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LEIbox | LEIbuffer | LEIw | |
---|---|---|---|
Formula | |||
Parameter | AE is the envelope box area of the new patch, AN is the area of the new patch, AO is the area of the old patch inside the new patch envelope box, ALE is the expanded envelope box area of the new patch, ALO is the area of the old patch inside the new patch expanded envelope box. | AC is the overlap area between the new patch buffer and the old patch, Ad is the difference between the buffer area and AC. | An is the area of new patches, and Ao is the area of patches that are adjacent to the new patches. |
Rationale | Envelope box based on new patch | Buffer based on new patch | Based on the adjacency of the new patch to the old patch |
Value range | [0, 100] | [0, 100] | (−1, 1] |
Influence factors | New patch shape, envelope box expanded multiples | New patch shape, buffer distance | Nothing |
Expansion pattern | (50, 100], infilling [2, 50], edge-expansion [0, 2), outlying | (50, 100], infilling (0, 50], edge-expansion 0, outlying | (−1, 1), adjacency expansion 1, external expansion |
Case | Envelope Area (AE) | New Patch Area (AN) | Old Patch in Envelope (AO) | LEI |
---|---|---|---|---|
(a) | 151.60 | 128.91 | 22.69 | 100 |
(b) | 1989.34 | 459.30 | 420.05 | 27.45 |
Case | Overlap Area between Buffer and Old Patch (AC) | Overlap Area between Buffer and Blank Area (Ad) | LEI |
---|---|---|---|
(c) | 47.33 | 178.80 | 20.93 |
(d) | 0 | 455.49 | 0 |
Years | Number of New Patches | Area of New Patches (km2) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infilling | Edge-Expansion | Outlying | Total Number | Infilling | Edge-Expansion | Outlying | Total Area | |
1990–1995 | 34 | 1155 | 127 | 1316 | 0.68 | 43.71 | 7.22 | 51.61 |
1995–2000 | 92 | 1263 | 222 | 1577 | 5.63 | 28.36 | 18.58 | 52.57 |
2000–2005 | 118 | 1382 | 199 | 1699 | 6.41 | 27.99 | 2.70 | 37.1 |
2005–2010 | 86 | 1890 | 257 | 2233 | 4.24 | 59.05 | 9.83 | 73.12 |
2010–2015 | 21 | 1308 | 156 | 1485 | 2.07 | 64.28 | 19.08 | 85.44 |
1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MCI | 52.39 | 52.29 | 51.63 | 52.72 | 53.77 | 55.39 |
AWCI | 50.85 | 39.19 | 49.69 | 54.47 | 52.46 | 52.08 |
MAX-CM | 52.98 | 32.15 | 49.84 | 55.92 | 52.63 | 52.17 |
MAX-Area (km2) | 23.07 | 62.70 | 95.97 | 138.79 | 220.54 | 261.17 |
LPI | 44.69 | 60.75 | 61.61 | 71.96 | 83.08 | 76.72 |
Built-Up/Non-Built-Up Land Cover | 2015 | ||
---|---|---|---|
Non-Built-Up | Built-Up | Total | |
1990 | |||
Non-built-up | 4548.47 | 289.16 | 4837.63 |
Built-up | 0.52 | 51.09 | 51.61 |
Total | 4549.00 | 340.25 | 4889.25 |
1990–1995 | 1995–2000 | 2000–2005 | 2005–2010 | 2010–2015 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
West | 4.62 | 3.46 | 2.56 | 14.68 | 25.10 |
Southwest | 2.39 | 4.73 | 1.37 | 3.22 | 5.19 |
South | 5.51 | 4.28 | 3.23 | 4.37 | 7.80 |
Southeast | 6.75 | 5.88 | 7.57 | 1.64 | 3.67 |
East | 2.09 | 3.74 | 3.19 | 0.55 | 2.84 |
Northwest | 8.82 | 7.28 | 8.63 | 9.95 | 5.99 |
Northeast | 7.78 | 10.19 | 3.77 | 16.89 | 23.44 |
North | 13.65 | 13.00 | 6.77 | 21.81 | 11.42 |
Sum | 51.61 | 52.56 | 37.09 | 73.11 | 85.45 |
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Tian, Y.; Shuai, Y.; Ma, X.; Shao, C.; Liu, T.; Tuerhanjiang, L. Improved Landscape Expansion Index and Its Application to Urban Growth in Urumqi. Remote Sens. 2022, 14, 5255. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14205255
Tian Y, Shuai Y, Ma X, Shao C, Liu T, Tuerhanjiang L. Improved Landscape Expansion Index and Its Application to Urban Growth in Urumqi. Remote Sensing. 2022; 14(20):5255. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14205255
Chicago/Turabian StyleTian, Yuhang, Yanmin Shuai, Xianwei Ma, Congying Shao, Tao Liu, and Latipa Tuerhanjiang. 2022. "Improved Landscape Expansion Index and Its Application to Urban Growth in Urumqi" Remote Sensing 14, no. 20: 5255. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14205255
APA StyleTian, Y., Shuai, Y., Ma, X., Shao, C., Liu, T., & Tuerhanjiang, L. (2022). Improved Landscape Expansion Index and Its Application to Urban Growth in Urumqi. Remote Sensing, 14(20), 5255. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14205255