A Case Study on Ground Subsidence and Backfill Deformation Induced by Multi-Stage Filling Mining in a Steeply Inclined Ore Body
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Study Area
3. Field Monitoring
3.1. Monitoring Method
3.2. Analysis of Surface Subsidence
3.3. Analysis of Backfill Deformation
4. Numerical Simulation
4.1. Model Building
4.2. Numerical Simulation Results of Surface Subsidence
4.3. Numerical Simulation Results of Backfill Deformation
4.4. Numerical Simulation Analysis of a Typical Section
5. Discussion
5.1. Comparison of the Results of On-Site Monitoring and Numerical Simulation
5.2. Deformation Mechanism of the Backfill
6. Conclusions
- Through the use of GNSS monitoring for many years, the mechanisms of the surface deformation in the Jinchuan No.3 mining area are analyzed. Surface deformation is mainly affected by underground mining, and a settlement funnel is formed on the ground. With continuous mining and filling, the radius of the funnel gradually expands. The settlement near the orebody is obviously larger than that far away from the orebody, and the maximum subsidence reaches 739 mm in 14.5 years. The location of the settlement center exhibits an obvious movement toward the surface above the footwall of the ore body.
- The influence of mining in the third section of the surface deformation is very significant, which is far greater than that of mining in the double section and the single section. In addition, the trend of surface movement is predicted. The single subsidence center on the upper wall develops into a double subsidence center, and the maximum value of the surface subsidence reaches about 1.35 m. Overall, the range of surface deformation will further expand, and the settlement value of the subsidence center will increase steadily. The law of surface rock movement has not changed significantly, and the settlement center has not shifted seriously, so the mining area can be considered to still be in a relatively stable state.
- Based on the displacement monitoring data of the underground backfill, the deformation characteristics of the filling body are summarized. The whole filling body presents obvious subsidence, which is the main cause of ground settlement. With the development of multi-stage mining and filling, bed separation phenomena are found between the filling layers, and the closer to the interior, the more obvious it becomes.
- The subsidence characteristics of the backfill are similar to those at the surface; that is, both the subsidence amount and speed are higher on the hanging wall than that on the footwall. Additionally, the backfill subsidence is slow and gradual, without sudden instability. In terms of the allowable space for deformation, the mass instability of the backfill is difficult. What needs to be considered is the influence of large-scale deformation on the mining and overlying strata, as well as the local deformation near the rock contact zone surrounding the backfill.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Density (g·cm−3) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Compressive Strength (MPa) | Cohesion (MPa) | Internal Friction Angle (°) | Elastic Moduli (GPa) | Poisson’s Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Surrounding rock | 2.6 | 12.2 | 152 | 13.5 | 35 | 64 | 0.28 |
Rich ore | 3.05 | 0.5 | 16.4 | 4.6 | 41.7 | 8.6 | 0.31 |
Poor ore | 3.02 | 0.5 | 17.2 | 5.2 | 42.2 | 8.8 | 0.22 |
Backfill | 2 | 0.800 | 9.900 | 0.95 | 38 | 7.28 | 0.32 |
Mining Step | Year | Field Monitoring (m) | Numerical Simulation (m) | Difference (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2002 | - | 0.016 | - |
2 | 2005 | 0.026 | 0.020 | 0.006 |
3 | 2012 | 0.415 | 0.256 | 0.159 |
4 | 2017 | 0.613 | 0.307 | 0.306 |
5 | 2019 | 0.739 | 0.381 | 0.358 |
2029 | - | 0.750 | - |
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Li, G.; Wan, Y.; Guo, J.; Ma, F.; Zhao, H.; Li, Z. A Case Study on Ground Subsidence and Backfill Deformation Induced by Multi-Stage Filling Mining in a Steeply Inclined Ore Body. Remote Sens. 2022, 14, 4555. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184555
Li G, Wan Y, Guo J, Ma F, Zhao H, Li Z. A Case Study on Ground Subsidence and Backfill Deformation Induced by Multi-Stage Filling Mining in a Steeply Inclined Ore Body. Remote Sensing. 2022; 14(18):4555. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184555
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Guang, Yang Wan, Jie Guo, Fengshan Ma, Haijun Zhao, and Zhiqing Li. 2022. "A Case Study on Ground Subsidence and Backfill Deformation Induced by Multi-Stage Filling Mining in a Steeply Inclined Ore Body" Remote Sensing 14, no. 18: 4555. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184555