Investigating the Shallow-Water Bathymetric Capability of Zhuhai-1 Spaceborne Hyperspectral Images Based on ICESat-2 Data and Empirical Approaches: A Case Study in the South China Sea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. ICESat-2 ATL03 Dataset
2.3. Spaceborne Images and Reference ALB Data
2.4. Satellite-Derived Bathymetry Models
2.5. Data Pre-Processing
2.6. Evaluation of the Performances of the SDB Models
3. Results
3.1. Signal Photon Detection and Bathymetry of ATL03
3.2. Band Selection for Zhuhai-1 Bathymetry
3.3. Calibration of the SDB Models and Bathymetric Mapping
3.4. Validation and Error Analysis of the SDB Models
3.4.1. Validation Using ATL03 Ground Tracks
3.4.2. Validation Using ALB Data
4. Discussion
4.1. Comparison of Bathymetric Capability between Zhuhai-1 and Sentinel-2
4.2. SDB Error Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ATL03 Dataset | Time (Local) | Track Used | Geodetic Coordinate Distribution |
---|---|---|---|
20181022 | 15:38 | GT1R | 111.626°E, 16.532°N−111.624°E, 16.553°N |
20190222 | 21:51 | GT3L | 111.618°E, 16.552°N−111.616°E, 16.533°N |
20190421 | 06:58 * | GT1L | 111.597°E, 16.530°N−111.596°E, 16.537°N |
20190524 | 17:31 | GT2L | 111.614°E, 16.549°N−111.612°E, 16.529°N |
20191020 | 22:17 | GT1R | 111.598°E, 16.529°N−111.597°E, 16.537°N |
22:17 | GT2R (Validation) | 111.628°E, 16.530°N−111.625°E, 16.552°N | |
20220114 | 07:20 * | GT3L (Validation) | 111.608°E, 16.547°N−111.610°E, 16.526°N |
Zhuhai-1 | Sentinel-2A | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Band | Wavelength (nm) | Resolution (m) | Band | Wavelength (nm) | Resolution (m) | Band | Wavelength (nm) | Resolution (m) |
1 | 440–446 | 10 | 17 | 708–710 | 10 | 1 | 433–453 | 60 |
2 | 462–469 | 10 | 18 | 729–731 | 10 | 2 | 458–523 | 10 |
3 | 486–494 | 10 | 19 | 745–747 | 10 | 3 | 543–578 | 10 |
4 | 496–504 | 10 | 20 | 759–761 | 10 | 4 | 650–680 | 10 |
5 | 505–514 | 10 | 21 | 775–777 | 10 | 5 | 698–713 | 20 |
6 | 526–535 | 10 | 22 | 779–781 | 10 | 6 | 733–748 | 20 |
7 | 545–555 | 10 | 23 | 805–807 | 10 | 7 | 773–793 | 20 |
8 | 554–565 | 10 | 24 | 819–821 | 10 | 8 | 785–900 | 10 |
9 | 574–585 | 10 | 25 | 832–834 | 10 | 9 | 935–955 | 60 |
10 | 590–602 | 10 | 26 | 849–851 | 10 | 10 | 1360–1390 | 60 |
11 | 619–621 | 10 | 27 | 863–866 | 10 | 11 | 1565–1655 | 20 |
12 | 639–641 | 10 | 28 | 878–881 | 10 | 12 | 2100–2280 | 20 |
13 | 664–666 | 10 | 29 | 894–897 | 10 | |||
14 | 669–671 | 10 | 30 | 908–912 | 10 | |||
15 | 685–687 | 10 | 31 | 923–930 | 10 | |||
16 | 699–701 | 10 | 32 | 937–944 | 10 |
Ground Track | Number of Detected Sea-Surface Photons | Number of Detected Bottom Photons | Maximum Water Depth after Correction (m) |
---|---|---|---|
20181022GT1R | 2891 | 2027 | 13.61 |
20190222GT3L | 4922 | 3658 | 14.89 |
20190421GT1L | 1166 | 881 | 11.70 |
20190524GT2L | 4170 | 2514 | 12.01 |
20191020GT1R | 941 | 568 | 9.64 |
20191020GT2R | 880 | 795 | 23.58 |
20220114GT3L | 5336 | 3534 | 10.61 |
Calibration Data | Tidal Height (m) | Images | Tidal Height (m) | Validation Data | Tidal Height (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
20181022GT1R | −0.3020 | Zhuhai-1 | 0.2515 | 20191020GT2R | 0.3392 |
20190222GT3L | 0.1755 | Sentinel-2 | −0.1634 | 20220114GT3L | −0.4327 |
20190421GT1L | 0.0372 | ALB data | 0.8168 | ||
20190524GT2L | 0.1135 | ||||
20191020GT1R | 0.3392 |
Satellite | Bands | Models | Abbreviation of Models | R2 | RMSE (m) | Equation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zhuhai-1 | 2 (B) 9 (G) | Band ratio | ZBR2, 9 | 0.90 | 0.94 | |
12 (R) 29 (NI) | Band ratio | ZBR12, 29 | 0.93 | 0.81 | ||
3 (B) 9 (G) | Linear band | ZLB3, 9 | 0.92 | 0.86 | ||
10 (R) 29 (NI) | Linear band | ZLB10, 29 | 0.88 | 1.07 | ||
3 (B) 9 (G) 12 (R) | Linear band | ZLB3, 9, 12 | 0.92 | 0.85 | ||
Sentinel-2 | 2 (B) 3 (G) | Band ratio | SBR2, 3 | 0.91 | 0.89 | |
4 (R) 8 (NI) | Band ratio | SBR4, 8 | 0.73 | 1.53 | ||
2 (B) 3 (G) | Linear band | SLB2, 3 | 0.96 | 0.57 | ||
4 (R) 8 (NI) | Linear band | SLB4, 8 | 0.81 | 1.31 | ||
2 (B) 3 (G) 4 (R) | Linear band | SLB2, 3, 4 | 0.96 | 0.56 |
Ground Tracks for Validation | SDB Models | Parameters (m) | Intervals of Water Depth (m) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[0, 2] | [2, 4] | [4, 6] | [6, 8] | [8, 10] | [10, 12] | [12, 14] | [>14] | |||
20191020GT2R | ZBR2, 9 | RMSE | 0.81 | 1.57 | 1.22 | 0.95 | 1.18 | 1.24 | 1.02 | 4.69 |
bias | −0.21 | −0.74 | 0.61 | 0.50 | 0.40 | 1.06 | −0.53 | −4.33 | ||
ZBR12, 29 | RMSE | 0.88 | 1.89 | 1.56 | 1.04 | 1.70 | 1.40 | 2.03 | 6.32 | |
bias | −0.59 | 0.21 | 1.29 | −0.27 | 1.01 | 0.88 | −1.80 | −5.69 | ||
ZLB3, 9 | RMSE | 0.85 | 1.56 | 1.58 | 0.92 | 0.83 | 0.66 | 1.74 | 6.6 | |
bias | −0.33 | 0.44 | 1.52 | 0.82 | 0.67 | 0.45 | −1.46 | −6.32 | ||
ZLB10, 29 | RMSE | 0.75 | 2.53 | 2.86 | 1.76 | 1.38 | 0.69 | 1.65 | 6.51 | |
bias | −0.18 | 1.43 | 2.84 | 1.69 | 1.35 | 0.48 | −1.47 | −6.15 | ||
ZLB3, 9, 12 | RMSE | 0.84 | 1.72 | 1.87 | 1.15 | 1.47 | 1.22 | 1.32 | 6.28 | |
bias | −0.32 | 0.54 | 1.78 | 1.03 | 1.20 | 1.10 | −0.94 | −5.93 | ||
SBR2, 3 | RMSE | 0.68 | 0.83 | 0.97 | 0.71 | 0.54 | 1.17 | 2.81 | 3.6 | |
bias | 0.09 | −0.62 | −0.75 | −0.35 | 0.16 | 0.54 | −1.41 | −3.11 | ||
SBR4, 8 | RMSE | 1.61 | 2.27 | 3.42 | 3.32 | 2.41 | 1.32 | 1.73 | 6.35 | |
bias | 0.84 | 2.09 | 3.23 | 3.25 | 2.20 | 0.86 | −1.04 | −6.10 | ||
SLB2, 3 | RMSE | 0.91 | 0.88 | 0.71 | 0.81 | 0.87 | 0.96 | 2.3 | 4.08 | |
bias | −0.07 | −0.01 | 0.21 | 0.55 | 0.79 | 0.54 | −1.53 | −4.79 | ||
SLB4, 8 | RMSE | 1.03 | 2.37 | 3.15 | 2.9 | 1.26 | 1.08 | 2.95 | 7.45 | |
bias | −0.73 | 0.89 | 3.11 | 2.83 | 1.10 | −0.81 | −2.80 | −7.37 | ||
SLB2, 3, 4 | RMSE | 0.93 | 0.79 | 0.71 | 0.78 | 0.94 | 1.08 | 2.24 | 3.65 | |
bias | 0.01 | −0.03 | 0.07 | 0.49 | 0.86 | 0.72 | −1.35 | −3.32 | ||
20220114GT3L | ZBR2, 9 | RMSE | 0.71 | 0.86 | 1.05 | 1.16 | 1.21 | 1.05 | - | - |
bias | 0.14 | 0.32 | 0.41 | 0.20 | 0.67 | 0.04 | - | - | ||
ZBR12, 29 | RMSE | 0.80 | 1.06 | 1.63 | 1.50 | 0.90 | 1.44 | - | - | |
bias | 0.09 | 0.42 | 0.75 | −0.13 | −0.54 | −1.01 | - | - | ||
ZLB3, 9 | RMSE | 0.64 | 0.82 | 1.07 | 0.89 | 1.16 | 1.73 | - | - | |
bias | 0.23 | −0.13 | 0.68 | 0.30 | −0.92 | −1.59 | - | - | ||
ZLB10, 29 | RMSE | 1.04 | 1.22 | 1.47 | 1.29 | 1.56 | 2.13 | - | - | |
bias | 0.05 | 1.09 | 1.60 | 1.14 | −0.37 | −1.33 | - | - | ||
ZLB3, 9, 12 | RMSE | 0.80 | 0.85 | 1.31 | 0.95 | 0.60 | 1.07 | - | - | |
bias | 0.20 | 0.32 | 0.93 | 0.46 | 0.08 | −0.48 | - | - | ||
SBR2, 3 | RMSE | 0.91 | 0.69 | 0.87 | 1.13 | 1.18 | 1.22 | - | - | |
bias | 0.66 | −0.19 | 0.07 | 0.38 | 0.81 | 0.54 | - | - | ||
SBR4, 8 | RMSE | 1.62 | 1.56 | 2.15 | 1.82 | 1.02 | 1.69 | - | - | |
bias | 0.95 | 1.16 | 1.65 | 1.48 | 0.10 | −1.36 | - | - | ||
SLB2, 3 | RMSE | 0.72 | 0.88 | 1.22 | 1.26 | 0.99 | 0.76 | - | - | |
bias | 0.43 | 0.31 | 0.81 | 0.84 | 0.66 | 0.09 | - | - | ||
SLB4, 8 | RMSE | 0.89 | 1.9 | 2.4 | 2.53 | 1.29 | 0.74 | - | - | |
bias | −0.40 | 1.12 | 1.99 | 2.18 | 0.82 | −0.44 | - | - | ||
SLB2, 3, 4 | RMSE | 0.79 | 0.84 | 1.18 | 1.25 | 1.09 | 0.84 | - | - | |
bias | 0.51 | 0.25 | 0.74 | 0.81 | 0.76 | 0.23 | - | - |
SDB Models | Parameters (m) | Intervals of Water Depth (m) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[0, 2] | [2, 4] | [4, 6] | [6, 8] | [8, 10] | [10, 12] | [12, 14] | [>14] | ||
ZBR2, 9 | RMSE | 2.34 | 2.70 | 2.51 | 2.65 | 2.50 | 1.98 | 1.50 | 1.14 |
bias | 2.25 | 2.62 | 2.43 | 2.61 | 2.48 | 1.71 | 0.64 | −0.87 | |
ZBR12, 29 | RMSE | 2.56 | 2.41 | 2.08 | 3.00 | 2.64 | 1.79 | 2.25 | 3.77 |
bias | 2.49 | 2.32 | 1.84 | 2.03 | 1.65 | 0.13 | −1.62 | −3.51 | |
ZLB3, 9 | RMSE | 2.54 | 2.89 | 2.49 | 1.96 | 1.43 | 0.95 | 1.68 | 3.68 |
bias | 2.39 | 2.78 | 2.28 | 1.78 | 1.21 | 0.08 | −1.49 | −3.64 | |
ZLB10, 29 | RMSE | 3.29 | 3.90 | 3.46 | 2.51 | 1.72 | 0.99 | 2.07 | 4.79 |
bias | 3.08 | 3.79 | 3.32 | 2.35 | 1.47 | −0.02 | −1.96 | −4.72 | |
ZLB3, 9, 12 | RMSE | 2.54 | 3.01 | 2.78 | 2.60 | 2.08 | 1.27 | 1.49 | 3.50 |
bias | 2.39 | 2.90 | 2.57 | 2.34 | 1.81 | 0.63 | −1.03 | −3.34 | |
SBR2, 3 | RMSE | 1.39 | 1.43 | 1.15 | 0.81 | 0.95 | 1.46 | 1.70 | 2.22 |
bias | 1.29 | 1.33 | 0.85 | 0.49 | 0.38 | 0.04 | −1.08 | −2.14 | |
SBR4, 8 | RMSE | 4.49 | 5.46 | 5.16 | 3.54 | 2.19 | 1.08 | 1.83 | 4.27 |
bias | 4.10 | 5.24 | 4.86 | 3.25 | 1.72 | −0.19 | −1.72 | −4.10 | |
SLB2, 3 | RMSE | 1.74 | 1.90 | 1.48 | 0.91 | 0.61 | 1.01 | 2.00 | 3.27 |
bias | 1.63 | 1.82 | 1.29 | 0.71 | 0.24 | −0.59 | −1.95 | −3.35 | |
SLB4, 8 | RMSE | 2.37 | 3.88 | 4.05 | 2.86 | 1.90 | 1.22 | 2.74 | 5.35 |
bias | 2.03 | 3.68 | 3.83 | 2.63 | 1.56 | −0.29 | −2.72 | −5.34 | |
SLB2, 3, 4 | RMSE | 1.72 | 1.79 | 1.38 | 0.86 | 0.62 | 1.01 | 1.90 | 3.07 |
bias | 1.61 | 1.71 | 1.17 | 0.66 | 0.24 | −0.51 | −1.82 | −3.14 |
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Le, Y.; Hu, M.; Chen, Y.; Yan, Q.; Zhang, D.; Li, S.; Zhang, X.; Wang, L. Investigating the Shallow-Water Bathymetric Capability of Zhuhai-1 Spaceborne Hyperspectral Images Based on ICESat-2 Data and Empirical Approaches: A Case Study in the South China Sea. Remote Sens. 2022, 14, 3406. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14143406
Le Y, Hu M, Chen Y, Yan Q, Zhang D, Li S, Zhang X, Wang L. Investigating the Shallow-Water Bathymetric Capability of Zhuhai-1 Spaceborne Hyperspectral Images Based on ICESat-2 Data and Empirical Approaches: A Case Study in the South China Sea. Remote Sensing. 2022; 14(14):3406. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14143406
Chicago/Turabian StyleLe, Yuan, Mengzhi Hu, Yifu Chen, Qian Yan, Dongfang Zhang, Shuai Li, Xiaohan Zhang, and Lizhe Wang. 2022. "Investigating the Shallow-Water Bathymetric Capability of Zhuhai-1 Spaceborne Hyperspectral Images Based on ICESat-2 Data and Empirical Approaches: A Case Study in the South China Sea" Remote Sensing 14, no. 14: 3406. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14143406