Random Forest-Based Reconstruction and Application of the GRACE Terrestrial Water Storage Estimates for the Lancang-Mekong River Basin
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area and Data Resources
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources
2.2.1. Terrestrial Water Storage (TWS)
2.2.2. Global Land Data Assimilation System
2.2.3. Meteorological Data
2.2.4. Discharge Data
3. Methods
3.1. Reconstruction of the TWSA Time Series with the RF Model
3.2. Estimation Based on the Water Balance Method
3.3. Uncertainty Analysis for Discharge Estimation
3.4. Evaluation Metrics
4. Results
4.1. Evaluation of the RF-Built TWSA Time Series
4.1.1. Evaluation at the Grid Scale
4.1.2. Evaluation at the Basin Scale
4.2. Estimated Discharge by the Water Balance Method
5. Discussion
5.1. Reliability and Uncertainty in the RF Model
5.2. Uncertainties in the Water Balance Equation
5.3. Outlook of the Data-Driven Method
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Product Name | Datasets | Spatial Resolution | Temporal Resolution | Temporal Coverage | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GRACE CSR RL06 Macon | TWS | 0.25° | Monthly | 2003–2014 | [47] |
GLDAS NOAH (v2.0) | SWE, SMS, CWS | 0.5° | Monthly | 1980–2014 | [27] |
CRU TS v4.03 | T, DTR, P, VAP, WET, CLD, FRS, TMN, TMX, PET | 0.5° | Monthly | 1980–2014 | [49] |
Discharge | Q | - | Daily | 1980–2014 | [4] |
MSWEP | Precipitation | 0.1° | Monthly | 1980–2014 | [50] |
GPCC | 0.5° | Monthly | 1980–2014 | [51] | |
PERSIANN-CDR | 0.25° | Monthly | 2003–2014 | [21] | |
TRRM | 0.25° | Monthly | 2003–2014 | [52] | |
CRU | 0.5° | Monthly | 1980–2014 | [49] | |
GLEAM v3.3a/b | ET | 0.25° | Monthly | 1980–2014, 2003–2014 | [53] |
PML-V2 | 0.05° | 8 days | 2003–2014 | [54] | |
GLDAS NOAH/VIC/CLSM (v2.0) | 1°/0.5° | Monthly | 1980–2014 | [35] |
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Tang, S.; Wang, H.; Feng, Y.; Liu, Q.; Wang, T.; Liu, W.; Sun, F. Random Forest-Based Reconstruction and Application of the GRACE Terrestrial Water Storage Estimates for the Lancang-Mekong River Basin. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 4831. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13234831
Tang S, Wang H, Feng Y, Liu Q, Wang T, Liu W, Sun F. Random Forest-Based Reconstruction and Application of the GRACE Terrestrial Water Storage Estimates for the Lancang-Mekong River Basin. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(23):4831. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13234831
Chicago/Turabian StyleTang, Senlin, Hong Wang, Yao Feng, Qinghua Liu, Tingting Wang, Wenbin Liu, and Fubao Sun. 2021. "Random Forest-Based Reconstruction and Application of the GRACE Terrestrial Water Storage Estimates for the Lancang-Mekong River Basin" Remote Sensing 13, no. 23: 4831. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13234831