Landsat Image-Based Retrieval and Analysis of Spatiotemporal Variation of Total Suspended Solid Concentration in Jiaozhou Bay, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. In-Situ Data
2.2. Acquisition and Preprocessing of Landsat Data
2.3. Acquisition and Preprocessing of GOCI Data
2.4. Other Data
2.5. TSS Algorithm Development
3. Results
3.1. Spatiotemporal Distribution of TSS
3.2. Comparison of Landsat and GOCI
4. Discussion
4.1. Uncertainties
4.2. Dominant Drivers of TSS
4.2.1. Tide
4.2.2. River Discharge
4.2.3. Wind
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Acquisition Date | Sampling Sites | Sensor Path/Row |
---|---|---|
17 November 2015 | JZB05 JZB06 | TM 120/35 |
16 February 2011 | JZB01 JZB03 JZB04 JZB05 JZB06 JZB07 | ETM+ 120/35 |
11 May 2011 | JZB01 JZB03 JZB04 JZB05 JZB06 JZB07 | ETM+ 120/35 |
11 November 2011 | JZB01 JZB03 JZB04 JZB05 JZB06 JZB07 | ETM+ 120/35 |
19 August 2013 | JZB12 JZB13 | ETM+ 120/35 |
Band Combination * | Correlation Coefficient (r) |
---|---|
(G + R)/(G/R) | 0.82 |
G + R | 0.80 |
NIR/R | 0.79 |
(G + R)/(B/R) | 0.79 |
(R − B)/(R + B) | 0.77 |
B + R | 0.76 |
B + NIR | 0.73 |
R/G | 0.68 |
Figure | Date | Sensors | Tidal Current Magnitude/ Direction | Wind Speed (m/s) | Wind Direction (°) | Dagu River Discharge (m3/s) | TSS (mg/L) | Dominant Condition |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Figure 7a,c | 29 July 2014 | OLI | Spring tide/ebb | 2.9 | 180 | 4915.90 | 9.69 | Spring tide |
Figure 7b,c | 8 July 2015 | ETM+ | Neap tide/ebb | 2.2 | 180 | 4915.90 | 6.89 | Neap tide |
Figure 7d,f | 21 April 2013 | OLI | Moderate tide/flood | 3.6 | 22.5 | 729.75 | 7.92 | Flood tide |
Figure 7e,f | 25 May 2009 | TM | Moderate tide/ebb | 2.7 | 22.5 | 1167.94 | 12.10 | Ebb tide |
Figure 7g,i | 19 August 2013 | ETM+ | Moderate tide/flood | 2.3 | 337.5 | 18,983.77 | 12.19 | High river discharge |
Figure 7h,i | 5 January 2012 | ETM+ | Moderate tide/flood | 1.8 | 337.5 | 45.37 | 7.90 | Low river discharge |
Figure 7j,l | 11 February 2014 | OLI | Neap tide/flood | 6.9 | 315 | 192.23 | 10.16 | High wind speed |
Figure 7k,l | 18 November 2014 | OLI | Neap tide/flood | 1.8 | 315 | 192.23 | 3.43 | Low wind speed |
Figure 7m,o | 7 July 2013 | OLI | Moderate tide/flood | 3.2 | 0 | 1066.42 | 11.01 | Northern wind |
Figure 7n,o | 24 April 2014 | OLI | Moderate tide/flood | 3.5 | 135 | 729.75 | 11.88 | Southeastern wind |
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Zhang, X.; Song, Y.; Chen, J.; Huang, J. Landsat Image-Based Retrieval and Analysis of Spatiotemporal Variation of Total Suspended Solid Concentration in Jiaozhou Bay, China. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 4796. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13234796
Zhang X, Song Y, Chen J, Huang J. Landsat Image-Based Retrieval and Analysis of Spatiotemporal Variation of Total Suspended Solid Concentration in Jiaozhou Bay, China. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(23):4796. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13234796
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Xiang, Yu Song, Junjie Chen, and Jue Huang. 2021. "Landsat Image-Based Retrieval and Analysis of Spatiotemporal Variation of Total Suspended Solid Concentration in Jiaozhou Bay, China" Remote Sensing 13, no. 23: 4796. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13234796
APA StyleZhang, X., Song, Y., Chen, J., & Huang, J. (2021). Landsat Image-Based Retrieval and Analysis of Spatiotemporal Variation of Total Suspended Solid Concentration in Jiaozhou Bay, China. Remote Sensing, 13(23), 4796. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13234796