Retreating Shorelines as an Emerging Threat to Adélie Penguins on Inexpressible Island
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Data Sources
2.3. UAV Surveys
2.4. Shoreline Dynamics from 1983 to 2018
2.5. Data Processing
3. Results
3.1. Shoreline Retreating
3.2. Adélie Penguin Abundance and Colony Area
3.3. Changes in Penguin Distribution
4. Discussion
4.1. Factors Driving Adélie Penguin Abundance
4.2. Retreating Shorelines Affecting Adélie Penguin Colonies
4.3. Monitoring and Conservation of Adélie Penguins
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | Type | Height (m) | Camera Type | Resolution (m) | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1983 | Aerial | 800 | WILDRC8 | 0.15 | University of Minnesota |
2012 | Aerial | 500 | Hasselblad H4D60 | 0.10 | The 29th CARE |
2018 | UAV | 350 | Hongpeng AP5100 | 0.07 | The 34th CARE |
Shoreline Dynamics | 1983–2012 | 2012–2018 |
---|---|---|
Net Shoreline Movement (NSM, m) | ||
Average | −12.41 | −11.88 |
STD | 2.50 | 0.88 |
Maximum | −61.36 | −27.63 |
Minimum | −1.68 | −1.06 |
End-Point Rate (EPR, m yr−1) | ||
Average | −0.43 | −2.31 |
STD | 0.09 | 0.17 |
Maximum | −2.12 | −5.38 |
Minimum | −0.06 | −0.21 |
Sample | TP | FP | FN | Precision | Recall |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 973 | 192 | 33 | 0.84 | 0.97 |
2 | 1080 | 157 | 39 | 0.87 | 0.96 |
3 | 576 | 73 | 75 | 0.89 | 0.88 |
4 | 483 | 122 | 23 | 0.80 | 0.95 |
5 | 956 | 252 | 23 | 0.79 | 0.98 |
6 | 730 | 142 | 26 | 0.84 | 0.97 |
Dependent Variable | Independent Variable | Sum of Squares | df | F | p | Contribution |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abundance | Distance | 27.40 | 8 | 66.92 | <0.001 * | 60.61% |
Year (Distance) | 15.05 | 18 | 16.34 | <0.001 * | 33.29% | |
Residuals | 2.76 | 54 | ||||
Total | 45.21 | 80 | ||||
Area | Distance | 28.84 | 8 | 62.69 | <0.001 * | 55.57% |
Year (Distance) | 19.95 | 18 | 19.27 | <0.001 * | 38.44% | |
Residuals | 3.11 | 54 | ||||
Total | 51.90 | 80 | ||||
Density | Distance | 0.62 | 8 | 9.20 | <0.001 * | 25.73% |
Year (Distance) | 1.33 | 18 | 8.75 | <0.001 * | 55.19% | |
Residuals | 0.46 | 54 | ||||
Total | 2.41 | 80 |
Dependent Variable | Independent Variable | Sum of Squares | df | F | p | Contribution |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abundance | Elevation | 87.13 | 4 | 261.64 | <0.001 * | 84.13% |
Year (Elevation) | 13.94 | 10 | 16.74 | <0.001 * | 13.46% | |
Residuals | 2.50 | 30 | ||||
Total | 103.57 | 44 | ||||
Area | Elevation | 81.28 | 4 | 138.21 | <0.001 * | 76.98% |
Year (Elevation) | 19.89 | 10 | 13.53 | <0.001 * | 18.84% | |
Residuals | 4.41 | 30 | ||||
Total | 105.58 | 44 | ||||
Density | Elevation | 1.87 | 4 | 35.84 | <0.001 * | 54.36% |
Year (Elevation) | 1.18 | 10 | 9.07 | <0.001 * | 34.30% | |
Residuals | 0.39 | 30 | ||||
Total | 3.44 | 44 |
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Chen, X.; Chen, J.; Cheng, X.; Zhu, L.; Li, B.; Li, X. Retreating Shorelines as an Emerging Threat to Adélie Penguins on Inexpressible Island. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 4718. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224718
Chen X, Chen J, Cheng X, Zhu L, Li B, Li X. Retreating Shorelines as an Emerging Threat to Adélie Penguins on Inexpressible Island. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(22):4718. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224718
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Xintong, Jiquan Chen, Xiao Cheng, Lizhong Zhu, Bing Li, and Xianglan Li. 2021. "Retreating Shorelines as an Emerging Threat to Adélie Penguins on Inexpressible Island" Remote Sensing 13, no. 22: 4718. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224718