Application of Ecosystem Service Bundles and Tour Experience in Land Use Management: A Case Study of Xiaohuangshan Mountain (China)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources
2.3. Modeling Tour Experience
2.4. Quantifying and Mapping ES
2.4.1. Quantifying and Mapping CES
2.4.2. Quantifying and Mapping Other ES Factors
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Survey Responses
3.2. Tour Experience
3.3. ES Distribution Status
3.4. Identification of ES Bundles
4. Discussion
4.1. Seasonality
4.2. Tour Experience Analysis
4.3. Implications for Land Use Management
4.4. Discussion with Current Planning Policies
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Category | Total | Characteristic | Category | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | <18 years 18–30 years 31–40 years 41–50 years 51–60years >60 years | 14 43 62 56 31 36 | Sex | Male | 103 |
Female | 139 | ||||
Education | Junior high school | 137 | |||
Senior high school | 68 | ||||
University | 37 | ||||
Local | Yes | 179 | |||
No | 63 |
Data | Source | Spatial Resolution |
---|---|---|
Digital elevation model (DEM) | RIVERMAP.CN Maps Downloader (http://www.rivermap.cn/) | 5 m |
Slope | Spatial analysis of DEM | 5 m |
Hillshade | Spatial analysis of DEM | 5 m |
Distance from road | Spatial analysis of road | 5 m |
Distance from water | Spatial analysis of water bodies | 5 m |
Land use and land cover (LULC) | Changzhou City Natural Resources and Planning Bureau | 5 m |
GF-1 data | China Center for Resources Satellite Data and Application | 10 m |
Social survey data | Survey questionnaires | / |
Meteorological data | National meteorological data center | Vector |
Soil map | Changzhou City Natural Resources and Planning Bureau | Vector |
Road, water, and boundary data | Changzhou City Natural Resources and Planning Bureau | Vector |
ES Types | ES Description |
---|---|
Recreation | This area provides a place for outdoor leisure activities that I like. |
Biodiversity | This area provides abundant animal and plant resources. |
Historical | The area has recorded important historical events or historical traditions. |
Aesthetic | This area provides beautiful scenery, pleasant sounds, etc. |
Soil retention | Soil erosion will reduce land productivity and cause natural disasters such as landslides. |
Surface water regulation | Surface runoff can regulate water quality and purify pollution. |
Soil nutrition | This study indicates the cost of protective development. The higher the soil nutrition, the lower the cost of protective development. |
Multiple Choice | Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter |
---|---|---|---|---|
Single choice | 84 | 23 | 30 | 1 |
Double choice | 51 | 27 | 44 | 4 |
Three choice | 22 | 20 | 22 | 2 |
Full choice | 19 | 19 | 19 | 19 |
Total | 176 | 89 | 115 | 26 |
Tour Experience | Value | Area (ha) | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Very high | 0.52–0.74 | 36.77 | 2.60 |
High | 0.45–0.52 | 421.67 | 29.80 |
Moderate | 0.39–0.45 | 569.16 | 40.22 |
Low | 0.30–0.39 | 387.58 | 27.39 |
ES Bundle | Area (%) | Recreation (%) | Biodiversity (%) | Historical (%) | Aesthetic (%) | Soil Retention (%) | Surface Water Regulation (%) | Soil Nutrition (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soil protection (SP) | 24 | 23 | 15 | 13 | 18 | 10 | 12 | 10 |
Forest park (FP) | 10 | 27 | 15 | 14 | 19 | 8 | 13 | 8 |
Sightseeing entertainment (SE) | 22 | 26 | 16 | 12 | 21 | 8 | 9 | 8 |
Ecological conservation (EN) | 44 | 25 | 15 | 14 | 17 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
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Zhao, Q.; Chen, Y.; Cuan, Y.; Zhang, H.; Li, W.; Wan, S.; Li, M. Application of Ecosystem Service Bundles and Tour Experience in Land Use Management: A Case Study of Xiaohuangshan Mountain (China). Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 242. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13020242
Zhao Q, Chen Y, Cuan Y, Zhang H, Li W, Wan S, Li M. Application of Ecosystem Service Bundles and Tour Experience in Land Use Management: A Case Study of Xiaohuangshan Mountain (China). Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(2):242. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13020242
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Qiqi, Yanming Chen, Yuda Cuan, Han Zhang, Wei Li, Sida Wan, and Manchun Li. 2021. "Application of Ecosystem Service Bundles and Tour Experience in Land Use Management: A Case Study of Xiaohuangshan Mountain (China)" Remote Sensing 13, no. 2: 242. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13020242