Extraction of Abandoned Land in Hilly Areas Based on the Spatio-Temporal Fusion of Multi-Source Remote Sensing Images
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data and Preprocessing
2.2.1. Data Source
2.2.2. Data Processing
- (1)
- Projection transformation: MOD09GA and MOD13Q1 images were uniformly transformed into the same projection coordinate system as Sentinel-2 images (WGS 84/ UTM zone 48);
- (2)
- Resample: MOD09GA and MOD13Q1 images in the near-infrared band and red band were resampled to a spatial resolution of 10 m, and the mid-infrared band to 20 m. The method of resample was a bilinear interpolation;
- (3)
- Vector crop: The MOD09GA and MOD13Q1 images were cropped by Sentinel-2, and all images were the same size;
- (4)
- Image registration: The Sentinel-2 image was used as a reference to correct the MOD09GA and MOD13Q1 images;
- (5)
- Band calculation: The ndvi, savi, and ndwi of Sentinel-2 and MOD09GA and MOD13Q1 images were calculated, respectively:
2.3. Data Combining
2.3.1. Ls+MVC
2.3.2. FSDAF
2.3.3. Ls+MVC+FSDAF
2.4. SVM Classification
2.5. Accuracy Verification
3. Results
3.1. VIs Time-Series Curve Analysis
3.2. Comparison of Classification Accuracy
3.3. Abandoned Land Distribution
4. Discussion
4.1. Multi-Source Remote Sensing Image Fusion
4.2. Analysis and Suggestions
4.3. Prospects and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Used Remote Sensing Data | Number of Studies | Study IDs |
---|---|---|
MODIS | 9 | [4,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38] |
Landsat | 17 | [3,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54] |
Sentinel-2 | 1 | [7] |
SPOT | 2 | [55,56] |
RapidEye | 1 | [57] |
Remote Sensing Type | Band Number | Band Range (nm) | Spatio-temporal Resolution (d/m) |
---|---|---|---|
Sentinel-2 | Band 4—Red | 650–680 | 5/10 |
Band 8—NIR | 785–900 | 5/10 | |
Band 12—SWIR | 2100–2280 | 5/20 | |
MOD09GA | Band 1—Red | 620–670 | 1/250 |
Band 2—NIR | 841–876 | 1/250 | |
Band 7—SWIR | 2105–2155 | 1/500 | |
MOD13Q1 | ndvi | - | 16/250 |
Band 1—Red | 620–670 | 16/250 | |
Band 2—NIR | 841–876 | 16/250 | |
Band 7—SWIR | 2105–2155 | 16/500 |
Remote Sensing Image Data Source | Overall Accuracy | User Accuracy | Product Accuracy | Kappa Coefficient |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sentinel-2 (August, November) | 64.5% | 54.5% | 57.6% | 0.58 |
Ls+MVC (March, June, August, November) | 77.3% | 72.7% | 81.4% | 0.73 |
Ls+MVC+FSDAF (January to December) | 88.1% | 94.1% | 86.5% | 0.87 |
Fusion Method | Basic Image | S20201112 Cloud Content | R2 | RMSE |
---|---|---|---|---|
MVC | S20201107 S20201112 | 20% | 0.9155 | 0.0321 |
40% | 0.9044 | 0.0326 | ||
60% | 0.8988 | 0.0328 | ||
80% | 0.8939 | 0.0331 | ||
Ls+MVC | S20201112 S20201107 | 20% | 0.9311 | 0.0192 |
40% | 0.9122 | 0.0214 | ||
60% | 0.9020 | 0.0227 | ||
80% | 0.8947 | 0.0236 | ||
FSDAF | M20201112 S20201107 S20201112 | 20% | 0.8766 | 0.0274 |
40% | ||||
60% |
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He, S.; Shao, H.; Xian, W.; Zhang, S.; Zhong, J.; Qi, J. Extraction of Abandoned Land in Hilly Areas Based on the Spatio-Temporal Fusion of Multi-Source Remote Sensing Images. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 3956. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193956
He S, Shao H, Xian W, Zhang S, Zhong J, Qi J. Extraction of Abandoned Land in Hilly Areas Based on the Spatio-Temporal Fusion of Multi-Source Remote Sensing Images. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(19):3956. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193956
Chicago/Turabian StyleHe, Shan, Huaiyong Shao, Wei Xian, Shuhui Zhang, Jialong Zhong, and Jiaguo Qi. 2021. "Extraction of Abandoned Land in Hilly Areas Based on the Spatio-Temporal Fusion of Multi-Source Remote Sensing Images" Remote Sensing 13, no. 19: 3956. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193956