Suitability of Earth Engine Evaporation Flux (EEFlux) Estimation of Evapotranspiration in Rainfed Crops
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Data and Methods
2.1. Study Sites
2.2. Satellite Data
2.3. Field Data Collection
2.3.1. Eddy Covariance ET (EC ET)
2.3.2. Weather Data
2.4. Methods
2.4.1. EEFlux
2.4.2. Evaluation of EEFlux Performance
3. Results
3.1. Eddy Covariance Flux Tower ET
3.2. Comparison of EEFlux and EC ET
3.2.1. Daily Patterns
3.2.2. Cumulative Measured and Estimated ET in the Growing Season
4. Discussion
- ET overprediction during canopy senescence
- Choice of cold pixel ETrF
- EEFlux performance
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site | 2017–2018 | 2018–2019 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crop | Planting Date | Harvest Date | Period (Days) | Images (Counts) | Crop | Planting Date | Harvest Date | Period (Days) | Images (Counts) | |
SZ1 | SW | 26 April 2018 | 21 August 2018 | 118 | 9 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
SZ2 | SW | 26 April 2018 | 21 August 2018 | 118 | 9 | WP | 12 October 2018 | 31 July 2019 | 293 | 9 |
SZ3 | SW | 26 April 2018 | 21 August 2018 | 118 | 9 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
GZ1 | WW | 30 September 2017 | 21 July 2018 | 295 | 14 | SW | 25 April 2019 | 19 August 2019 | 117 | 15 |
GZ2 | WW | 30 September 2017 | 21 July 2018 | 295 | 14 | SW | 25 April 2019 | 19 August 2019 | 117 | 15 |
GZ3 | WW | 30 September 2017 | 21 July 2018 | 295 | 14 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
Location | Crop | Year | Tmax (°C) | Tmin (°C) | RHmax (%) | RHmin (%) | Rs (W/m2) | Uz (m/s) | ETr (mm/Day) | Annual Rainfall (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
St. John | SW | 2018 | 26.2 | 9.9 | 81.4 | 31.5 | 293.9 | 3.2 | 6.78 | 404.9 |
WP | 2019 | 21.9 | 7.9 | 81.9 | 36.5 | 285.1 | 3.5 | 5.94 | 395.6 | |
Genesee | WW | 2018 | 23.8 | 10.8 | 69.1 | 35.3 | 287.4 | 2.9 | 6.32 | 499.7 |
SW | 2019 | 25.3 | 10.7 | 64.1 | 29.0 | 292.8 | 3.0 | 6.87 | 510.5 |
Site | Tower | 2018 | 2019 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crop | Min (mm/Day) | Max (mm/Day) | Avg. (mm/Day) | Total (mm) | Crop | Min (mm/Day) | Max (mm/Day) | Avg. (mm/Day) | Total (mm) | ||
St. John | SZ1 | SW | 0.20 | 5.14 | 2.57 | 292.7 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
SZ2 | SW | 0.09 | 4.86 | 2.42 | 276.1 | WP | 0.22 | 5.91 | 2.33 | 277.2 | |
SZ3 | SW | 0.08 | 5.07 | 2.17 | 248.3 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | |
Genesee | GZ1 | WW | 0.54 | 6.69 | 4.12 | 369.5 | SW | 0.42 | 6.67 | 2.96 | 346.5 |
GZ2 | WW | 0.41 | 5.61 | 3.24 | 288.6 | SW | 0.37 | 5.40 | 2.34 | 274.1 | |
GZ3 | WW | 0.52 | 5.96 | 3.52 | 314.3 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
Year | Site | Tower | Crop | Days | % Departure | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EEFlux ET(ETrF0.85) | EEFlux ET(ETRF1.05) | |||||
2018 | St. John | SZ1 | SW | 118 | 33.2 | 66.5 |
SZ2 | SW | 118 | 39.1 | 73.9 | ||
SZ3 | SW | 118 | 51.7 | 89.7 | ||
Genesee | GZ1 | WW | 89 | −2.3 (2.3) | 23.1 | |
GZ2 | WW | 89 | 28.9 | 62.3 | ||
GZ3 | WW | 89 | 15.1 | 43.7 | ||
2019 | St. John | SZ2 | WP | 119 | 8.2 | 35.2 |
Genesee | GZ1 | SW | 117 | −9.9 (9.9) | 12.7 | |
GZ2 | SW | 117 | 17.9 | 47.6 | ||
Overall average | 20.2 (22.9) | 50.5 (50.5) |
Year | Site | Tower | Crop | Days | % Departure | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EEFlux ET(ETrF0.85) | EEFlux ET(ETRF1.05) | |||||
2018 | St. John | SZ1 | SW | 118 | 8.3 | 35.4 |
SZ2 | SW | 118 | 14.6 | 43.2 | ||
SZ3 | SW | 118 | 19.3 | 49.2 | ||
Genesee | GZ1 | WW | 89 | −16.6 (16.6) | 5.3 | |
GZ2 | WW | 89 | 8.8 | 37.4 | ||
GZ3 | WW | 89 | 0.6 | 25.7 | ||
2019 | St. John | SZ2 | WP | 119 | −14.7 (14.7) | 6.7 |
Genesee | GZ1 | SW | 117 | −20.7 (20.7) | −0.8 (0.8) | |
GZ2 | SW | 117 | 3.5 | 29.3 | ||
Overall average | 0.35 (11.9) | 25.7 (25.9) |
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Kadam, S.A.; Stöckle, C.O.; Liu, M.; Gao, Z.; Russell, E.S. Suitability of Earth Engine Evaporation Flux (EEFlux) Estimation of Evapotranspiration in Rainfed Crops. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 3884. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193884
Kadam SA, Stöckle CO, Liu M, Gao Z, Russell ES. Suitability of Earth Engine Evaporation Flux (EEFlux) Estimation of Evapotranspiration in Rainfed Crops. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(19):3884. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193884
Chicago/Turabian StyleKadam, Sunil A., Claudio O. Stöckle, Mingliang Liu, Zhongming Gao, and Eric S. Russell. 2021. "Suitability of Earth Engine Evaporation Flux (EEFlux) Estimation of Evapotranspiration in Rainfed Crops" Remote Sensing 13, no. 19: 3884. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13193884