Greening of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and Its Response to Climate Variations along Elevation Gradients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Remote-Sensing-Derived VI Datasets
2.3. Climate Datasets
2.4. Calculation of the VGEG
2.5. Trend Analysis
2.6. Correlation Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Trends and Spatial Patterns of Climate Factors and Their Elevational Distributions
3.2. Trends of VIs and Their Zonal Distribution
3.3. Spatial Patterns and Variations of the VGEG
3.4. Effect of Climate on the Zonal Distribution of VI
4. Discussion
4.1. Merit and Limitation
4.2. Performance of VI and Its Influencing Factors
4.3. Implications for Alpine Ecosystem
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
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VI | Spatial Resolution | Temporal Resolution | Sensor | Satellite | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GIMMS-LAI | 1/12° (≈9.2 km) | 15-day | AVHRR | NOAA | [34] |
GIMMS-NDVI | 1/12° (≈9.2 km) | 15-day | AVHRR | NOAA | [33] |
GLOBMAP-LAI | 8 km | 8-day | AVHRR MODIS | NOAATERRA | [35] |
MODIS-EVI | 1 km | monthly | MODIS | TERRA | [36] |
MODIS-NDVI | 1 km | monthly | MODIS | TERRA | [36] |
MODIS-NIRv | 1 km | monthly | MODIS | TERRA | [37] |
Indices | Trends | MAT | MAP | MAR |
---|---|---|---|---|
GIMMS-LAI | ↑ | 0.47 | −0.04 | 0.23 |
↓ | −0.09 | 0.21 | −0.56 * | |
GIMMS-NDVI | ↑ | 0.41 | −0.35 | 0.30 |
↓ | −0.19 | 0.16 | −0.28 | |
GLOBMAP-LAI | ↑ | 0.07 | −0.14 | 0.59 * |
↓ | −0.53 * | 0.16 | −0.005 | |
MODIS-EVI | ↑ | 0.34 | −0.3 | 0.29 |
↓ | −0.36 | 0.36 | −0.38 | |
MODIS-NDVI | ↑ | 0.39 | −0.17 | 0.24 |
↓ | −0.40 | 0.44 | −0.47 | |
MODIS-NIRv | ↑ | 0.30 | −0.33 | 0.34 |
↓ | −0.36 | 0.33 | −0.36 |
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Wang, Z.; Cui, G.; Liu, X.; Zheng, K.; Lu, Z.; Li, H.; Wang, G.; An, Z. Greening of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and Its Response to Climate Variations along Elevation Gradients. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 3712. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183712
Wang Z, Cui G, Liu X, Zheng K, Lu Z, Li H, Wang G, An Z. Greening of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and Its Response to Climate Variations along Elevation Gradients. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13(18):3712. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183712
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Zhaoqi, Guolong Cui, Xiang Liu, Kai Zheng, Zhiyuan Lu, Honglin Li, Gaini Wang, and Zhifang An. 2021. "Greening of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and Its Response to Climate Variations along Elevation Gradients" Remote Sensing 13, no. 18: 3712. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183712